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Dev psych final > chapter 12 - emotional development, temperament, and attachment > Flashcards

chapter 12 - emotional development, temperament, and attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

what basic emotions are present at birth

A
  • interest
  • distress
  • disgust
  • contentment
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2
Q

what basic emotions emerge between 2 and 7 months

A
  • anger
  • sadness
  • joy
  • surprise
  • fear
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3
Q

in second year, what complex emotions emerge

A

self conscious (self evaluative) emotions
- embarrassment
- shame
- guilt
- envy
- pride

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4
Q

emotional display rules

A
  • supress and express
  • take time to master
  • learn to control emotions
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5
Q

emotional self regulation

A
  • harder for boys than girls
  • behaviours and language important
  • positively related to language development
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6
Q

social referencing

A

use others emotions as a guide
- ex. how parents feel to decide how they should act

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7
Q

empathy

A

understanding the emotional experience of others
- caring, wanting to help/comfort other
- why parents should talk to kids about happy things and sad things

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8
Q

emotional competence

A

emotional intelligence
- understanding and managing emotions
- children with trouble understanding/managing emotions have trouble fitting in

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9
Q

temperament

A

characteristic modes of responding to environmental events
- fearful distress
- irritable distress
- positive affect
- activity level
- attention span/persistence
- rhythmicity

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10
Q

behavioural inhibition

A
  • most and least-inhibited children show most stability
  • other factors important: quality of caregiving, positive emotionality
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11
Q

what are the 4 temperament profiles according to thomas and chess and what are they

A
  • easy (positive mood, regular habits, adaptable)
  • difficult (active, irritable, react negatively to novelty)
  • slow to warm up (moody, inactive, eventually adapt to novelty)
  • unique (their own unique pattern of attributes)
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12
Q

goodness-of-fit model

A
  • match between parenting and child’s temperament
  • low positivity and negative emotionality especially problematic
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13
Q

attachment describes…

A
  • close emotional relationship between two people
  • mutual affection
  • desire to maintain proximity
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14
Q

reciprocal relationships

A
  • infants become attached to parents and parents become attached to children
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15
Q

interactional synchrony

A
  • participants adjust behaviours in response to partner
  • like a “dance”
  • occur several times a day
  • promotes attachment
  • develops when caregivers carefully pay attention to infants state
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16
Q

what are the phases in infant attachment development

A
  1. asocial phase (0 - 6 weeks)
  2. indiscriminate attachments (6 weeks to 6/7 months)
  3. specific attachment (7 to 9 months)
  4. multiple attachments (by 18 months)
17
Q

what do learning theorists say about feeding and attachment

A
  • food is primary reinforcer
  • mother becomes secondary reinforcer
18
Q

what is a more powerful contributor to attachment than feeding

A

contact comfort

19
Q

ethological view of attachment

A
  • all species have built in behaviours to foster attachment
  • establishing attachment is adaptive
  • imprinting is adaptive
20
Q

what behaviours are adaptive

A
  • those that elicit care and attention
    (smiling, reflexes like rooting, sucking, grasping)
  • increase likelihood that infant will be cared for and eventually grow up to reproduce
21
Q

stranger anxiety

A
  • negative reaction of infant/toddler to unfamiliar person
  • emerges once first attachment formed
  • peaks at 8 to 10 months
22
Q

separation anxiety

A
  • discomfort when separated from object of attachment (ex. mother)
  • peaks at 14 to 18 months
23
Q

ethological viewpoint of attachment-related fears of infancy

A

biologically programmed fear

24
Q

cognitive-developmental viewpoint of attachment-related fears of infancy

A

fear reflects perceptual and cognitive development

25
Q

secure attachment style

A
  • 65% of infants
  • infant explores while mother is present
  • upset when mother leaves
  • greets mother warmly upon her return
  • seeks her comfort
  • friendly to stranger when mother present
26
Q

avoidant attachment style

A
  • 20% of infants
  • very little distress when mother leaves
  • seems to ignore mother
  • may be sociable with or ignore stranger
27
Q

disorganized/disoriented attachment style

A
  • 5 - 10% of infants
  • seem to both approach and avoid mother
  • may act dazed or freeze
28
Q

resistant attachment style

A
  • 10% of infants
  • infant stays close to mother; upset when she leaves
  • explores very little in mothers presence
  • ambivalent when she returns
  • wary of stranger at all times
29
Q

fathers as caregivers

A
  • amount of time spent with infant
  • contribution to social and emotional development
30
Q

caregiving hypothesis of attachment style

A

that attachment style is a result of caregiving style

31
Q

caregiving hypothesis of secure attachment style

A

sensitive caregiving

32
Q

caregiving hypothesis of resistant attachment style

A

inconsistent caregiving

33
Q

caregiving hypothesis of avoidant attachment style

A

impatient, rejecting, or overstimulating caregiving

34
Q

caregiving hypothesis of disorganized attachment style

A

abusive behaviours

35
Q

what are the risk factors for insensitive caregiving

A
  • depression
  • emotionally insecure adults
  • unplanned pregnancies/unwanted infants
  • health, legal or financial problems
  • unhappy marriages
36
Q

what is the evidence against the temperament hypothesis

A
  • infants can have both secure and insecure attachments
  • changing parental behaviour can change attachment
37
Q

integrative theory of attachment

A

caregiving + attachment
- quality of caregiving determines secure/insecure, but temperament predicts type of insecurity

Dev psych final (8 decks)

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