chapter 13 - development of the self and social cognition

Question 1

early self concept

Answer 1

• proprioceptive feedback
• personal agency
• self-recognition

Question 2

contributions to early self concept

Answer 2

• contribution of cognitive development
• contribution of secure attachment
• parenting style
• cultural differences

Question 3

the categorical self

Answer 3

classification along social dimensions such as age, gender, race

Question 4

preschoolers’ self concepts

Answer 4

concrete and physical, but rudimentary psychological awareness

Question 5

middle-schoolers’ self concepts

Answer 5

include more “inner” qualities

Question 6

what components is self concept shaped by

Answer 6

• physical
• academic
• social
• biology
• environment
• culture

Question 7

individualistic development of the self concept

Answer 7

value
- competition
- individual initiative and accomplishments
- emphasize differences

Question 8

collectivistic development of the self concept

Answer 8

value
- cooperation
- interdependence
- social harmony
- identity tied to groups which they belong

Question 9

self esteem

Answer 9

• ones evaluation of ones worth as a person
• based on assessment of qualities identified in self concept
• by 4 to 5 years: securely attached children have higher self esteem

Question 10

what are the 5 domains in susan harters hierarchial model of childhood self-esteem

Answer 10

• scholastic competence
• social acceptance
• physical appearance
• athletic competence
• behavioural conduct

Question 11

how do children rate themselves

Answer 11

• ages 4 to 7: positive in all domains
• age 8: ratings similar to others evaluations

Question 12

correlates of self-worth/self esteem

Answer 12

• positive body image (fitness and BMI)
• bullying related to lower self-worth
• social emotional learning
• parenting style
• social comparison

Question 13

what is achievement motivation

Answer 13

willingness to strive to succeed at challenging tasks and to meet high standards of accomplishment

Question 14

what is mastery motive

Answer 14

humans are motivated to master their environments

Question 15

what are the early phases of development of achievement motivation

Answer 15

1. joy in mastery (infancy to age 2)
2. approval-seeking (age 2)
3. use of standards (age 3 and older)

Question 16

influences in the home of development of achievement

Answer 16

• attachment quality
• stimulation in home environment
• authoritative parenting style

Question 17

expectancy value theory (EVT)

Answer 17

• childrens choice, persistence, and performance are predicted by expectancy of success and valuation of activity

Question 18

how do children view ability

Answer 18

• move from an incremental view (growth mindset) of ability to an entity view (fixed mindset) of ability

Question 19

attribution retraining

Answer 19

intervention designed to see failure due to lack of effort, not ability

Question 20

person praise leads to what

Answer 20

performance goals

Question 21

process-oriented praise leads to what

Answer 21

learning goals

Question 22

person perception

Answer 22

ability to attribute characteristics to others

Question 23

how do children attribute traits to others?

Answer 23

• under age 7 or 8, use concrete terms, but aware of behavioural consistencies
• older children rely more on psychological descriptors and recognize socially desirable resopnses

Question 24

selmans role taking theory of social cognitive development

Answer 24

• ability to understand other person’s perspective develops
• presented interpersonal dilemmas with multiple characters to children