Chapter 17

Question 1

Age Regression and Progression Photography

Answer 1

A process of taking a picture of a person and simulating

their appearance at either a younger or older age by manipulating the picture.

Question 2

Multiplexed images

Answer 2

When multiple cameras feed into a single recorder that compile either a sequential of superimposed image.

Question 3

Linguistics

Answer 3

The study of language.

Question 4

Intentional forgery

Answer 4

When a person intentionally adds forced or unusual features into their own signature such that they can later disclaim the signature.

Question 5

Electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA)

Answer 5

A device that uses a high voltage electrostatic charge to

visualize indented writing.

Question 6

Rhythm

Answer 6

The regular repetition or “periodicity” of various writing elements, such as word and letter spacing and the visual “flow” of the words on a paper.

Question 7

Trash marks

Answer 7

(Dirt and scratches on the window of a photocopier that are seen as small specks on the copy.

Question 8

Sound spectrograph

Answer 8

A device that records the intensities of difference frequencies of sound as a function of time, usually as someone speaks.

Question 9

Voice recognition

Answer 9

The application of aspects of voice production and speech that can be used for voice identification and voice verification.

Question 10

Questioned document

Answer 10

Any document over which there is some legal dispute regarding its origin, authenticity, or authorship.

Question 11

Traced forgery

Answer 11

Use of an authentic signature as a template that is carefully followed in making the forgery.

Question 12

Specular highlights

Answer 12

The bright spots that result from strong illumination, such as from the sun or artificial lighting, on the surface of the subject in the picture.

Question 13

Obliterated writing

Answer 13

Writing where the original text is concealed by adding an opaque substances to block out the ability to visibly read a portion of the document.

Question 14

Simulation

Answer 14

An attempt by someone to disguise their handwriting.

Question 15

Non-request exemplar

Answer 15

Handwriting sample of known origin that is written under “natural” conditions, usually before the person’s writing was of any legal interest.

Question 16

Request exemplar

Answer 16

A writing sample provided by a suspect when asked.

Question 17

Chromatography

Answer 17

A method that uses the varying interactions of different chemical compounds towards a common material to separate the components of a mixture.

Question 18

Altered writing

Answer 18

Changes made to a document that including erasures, additions and deletions.

Question 19

Handwriting style

Answer 19

A basic styles of handwriting such as block, script, and cursive.

Question 20

Forgery

Answer 20

The act of preparing or altering a document, signature, financial certificate, work of art, or other item with the intention to defraud, damage or cheat.

Question 21

Indented writing

Answer 21

When writing on a piece of paper that lies on top of other sheets causes indentations on the underlying pages.

Question 22

Frequency

Answer 22

The number of waves that pass a fixed point per unit of time.

Question 23

Graphology

Answer 23

A pseudoscientific field that tried to form a connection between the features of a person’s handwriting and their personality or character traits.

Question 24

Fictitious signature

Answer 24

An instance where either or both the document and the signer are imaginary such that there are no exemplars and the signature cannot readily be compared with others samples.

Question 25

De-multiplexing

Answer 25

The process of separating multiplexed images into the images obtained from a single source (camera).

Question 26

Exemplar

Answer 26

A writing samples of known authorship.

Question 27

Frame averaging

Answer 27

When several adjacent images are added together to reduce random noise and enhance the image on the recording.

Question 28

Hyperspectral imaging

Answer 28

An imaging system that gathers light from a wide band of the electromagnetic spectrum and breaks it into smaller bands for processing – each band covering a relatively small portion of the spectrum.