Chapter 15

Question 1

Additive color mixing

Answer 1

Adding together two colors of light to give a different color.

Question 2

Proxy indicators

Answer 2

Small amounts of identifiable material from a specific location that can indicate with relatively high accuracy information about the location from which they originated.

Question 3

Glass

Answer 3

An amorphous material composed primarily of silicon dioxide.

Question 4

Laminated glass

Answer 4

A form of safety glass where a piece of clear plastic or resin is sandwiched or “laminated” between two pieces of glass.

Question 5

Intrinsic properties

Answer 5

Properties that are the same no matter how much material is present in the sample.

Question 6

Chemical properties

Answer 6

Properties that can be measured only by attempting to change the chemical identity of the material itself through some sort of chemical transformation.

Question 7

Color

Answer 7

The way that our eyes and brain perceive different wavelengths of light in the visible range.

Question 8

Physical properties

Answer 8

Properties that can be measured without changing chemical identity of a material.

Question 9

Pigment

Answer 9

The portion of paint, consisting of very tiny particles of organic and inorganic colored compounds, that gives the paint its characteristic hue.

Question 10

Plastics

Answer 10

Materials that can be molded; today they are most often made from high molecular weight polymeric compounds.

Question 11

Concentric cracks:

Answer 11

Fractures in glass that form rings that approximately circle the point of impact.

Question 12

Density

Answer 12

Defined as the amount of mass of a material contained in a particular unit of volume, or d = m/V.

Question 13

Conchoidal marks

Answer 13

See “Stress-induced striations”.

Question 14

Dye

Answer 14

A soluble compound that binds directly to the surface and does not require any medium to bind the colored material to the surface.

Question 15

Geology

Answer 15

The detailed study of the Earth and its materials along with the physical processes that act upon them.

Question 16

Float glass method

Answer 16

Method for producing flat glass where a layer of molten glass comes out of a furnace as a continuous sheet that is then floated onto a bed of molten metal, most often tin.

Question 17

Floatation

Answer 17

A method for approximating the density of a sample by determining the density of a liquid upon which the sample will float.

Question 18

Extrinsic properties

Answer 18

Properties that change if the amount of material in the sample changes.

Question 19

Birefringence

Answer 19

A double refraction phenomenon in certain crystalline materials where the refractive index is different depending upon which direction the light goes through the crystal.

Question 20

Becke line

Answer 20

The halo observed at the edges of a solid, transparent sample when in a liquid with a higher RI than that of the sample. An optical phenomenon used in measuring the refractive index of an object.

Question 21

Borosilicate glass

Answer 21

Glass with boron oxide added to the silica to improve ability to withstand rapid changes in temperature.

Question 22

Buoyancy

Answer 22

A method to determine the volume of an irregularly shaped object by determining the mass of the water (or liquid) displaced by the submerged object.

Question 23

Binder

Answer 23

The portion of paint that suspends the pigment particles and helps to firmly fix them to the surface.

Question 24

Radial cracks

Answer 24

Extend or “radiate” outwards from the central point of

impact, producing a star-like pattern.

Question 25

Viscosity

Answer 25

The resistance of a liquid to flow.

Question 26

Volume by Displacement

Answer 26

A method to determine the volume of an irregularly shaped object by directly measuring the volume of liquid it displaces when submerged.

Question 27

Tempered glass

Answer 27

Glass that has been either heated or chemically treated to change the stresses within the glass to make it safer upon breaking.

Question 28

Stress-induced striations

Answer 28

Rib marks that appear on the edge of broken glass.

Question 29

Soil (dirt)

Answer 29

A mixture of inorganic (mineral) and organic components that are packed together relatively loosely with structural components of solid, liquid, and gaseous fractions.

Question 30

Refractive Index

Answer 30

The ratio of the speed of light between two transparent substances (usually the air and another substance such as glass or plastic), calculated as velocity of light in vacuum (or air) divided by the velocity of light in the substance.

Question 31

Subtractive color mixing

Answer 31

Occurs when mixing pigments together and arises from one color being removed from white light through absorption by the pigment.