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APES > chapter 17 > Flashcards

chapter 17 Flashcards

to study for the test (dec 4)

1
Q

risk

A

measure of the likelihood of suffering harm from a hazard
- expressed in terms of probability

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2
Q

risk assessment

A

mathematical probability statement about how likely it is that harm will result from a hazard

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3
Q

risk management

A

deciding whether or how to
- reduce a particular risk to a certain level
- at what cost

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4
Q

four major types of hazards

A

biological, chemical, physical, cultural

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5
Q

biological hazards (examples)

A

pathogens, bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoa, fungi

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6
Q

chemical hazards (examples)

A

harmful chemicals in air, water, soil, food

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7
Q

physical hazards (examples)

A

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding, tornado, hurricane

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8
Q

cultural hazards (examples)

A

smoking, poor diet, drugs, alcohol, driving, criminal assault, poverty, unsafe working conditions, unsafe sex

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9
Q

poison

A

a chemical that has an LD50 of 50mg or less per kg of body weight

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10
Q

median lethal dose

A

aka LD50
the amount of chemical received in one dose that kills exactly 50% of subjects in a test population

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11
Q

non-transmissible disease

A

aka noncommunicable disease
are not caused by living organisms, do not spread from person to person
e.g. cancer, diabetes, asthma, malnutrition

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12
Q

transmissible disease

A

aka communicable disease
caused by a living organism or a virus, can spread from one person to another
e.g. covid-19, flu virus, common cold

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13
Q

pathogen

A

infectious agents that spread through air, water, food, bodily fluids, insects, and vectors

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14
Q

bioterrorism

A

the deliberate release of disease-causing bacteria or viruses into the air, water, or food of concentrated urban populations
with the aim of eradication of the inhabitants

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15
Q

factors for antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A
  • human travel/trade spreads resistant bacteria across the globe (pandemics)
  • overuse of antibiotics; facilitated purchase of antibiotics w/o a perscription
  • bacteria can transfer resistance to nonresistant bacteria
  • widespread use of antibiotics in livestock and dairy animals
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16
Q

factors for tuberculosis

A
  • many do not know they’ve been infected; lack of screening/control programmes
  • people are close together; increased population growth & urbanisation; air travel
  • genetically resistant strains of tb to almost all effective antibiotics
  • spread of other diseases weakens the immune system & allows tb to spread more easily
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17
Q

flu

A

biggest killer of all transmissible diseases (except tuberculosis)
about 1mil deaths per year

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18
Q

combatting hiv/aids

A

2nd most deaths by transmissible disease
- reduce the number of new infections below the number of deaths.
- provide hiv testing for people in high-risk groups (truck drivers, sex workers, soldiers)
- concentrate on those most likely to spread the disease

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19
Q

malaria

A
  • killed more people than all wars
  • caused by a parasite spread by mosquitoes
  • cases have been increasing due to mosquito species becoming genetically resistant to most insecticides; best prevention method is to control the spread
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20
Q

steps to reduce cases of infectious disease

A
  • immunise people early on
  • oral rehydration therapy to replace water in victims of diarrheal diseases (majority children under 5)
  • invest more money into preventing infectious diseases in developing countries
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21
Q

factors for increased rates of infectious disease

A
  • human activities: farming, air travel, urbanisation
  • infectious diseases are transmitted from wild and domesticated animals to humans (e.g. avain flu, sars, west nile, lyme disease)
  • clearing & fragmentation of forests exposes humans to new types of infectious disease
22
Q

ecological/conservation medicine

A

new field of research devoted to tracking down infectious connections between wildlife and humans

23
Q

hazardous chemicals

A

flammable, explosive, irritating/damaging to skin and lungs, interfere with oxygen uptake, induce allergic reactions

24
Q

mutagens

A

cause or increase random mutations in dna
- no safe threshold for exposure to harmful mutagens

25
Q

teratogens

A

literally “monster makers”
chemicals that cause harm to fetus/embryo; cause birth defects
e.g. alcohol, thalidomide

26
Q

carcinogen

A

chemicals that cause/promote cancer

27
Q

immune system

A

specialised cells & tissues that protect the body against disease & harmful substances
- forms antibodies that attack invading agents

28
Q

nervous system

A

consists of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

29
Q

neurotoxins

A

a poison that specifically attacks the nervous system

30
Q

endocrine system

A

glandular system that releases hormones into the bloodstream

31
Q

hormonally active agents (haa)

A

can mimic hormones
- can disrupt: human immune functions, endocrine/nervous systems, reproductive & growth/developmental processes, thyroid function (growth, weight, brain, behavioural disorders)
- promote cancer

32
Q

bhopal, india

A

1984
- world’s worst industrial accident
- explosion of underground storage tank released highly toxic MIC gas
- MIC gas was converted to deadly hydrogen cyanide

33
Q

factors determining harm caused by exposure to chemicals

A
  • amount of exposure (dose)
  • frequency of exposure
  • affected person’s medical/biological processes (genetic makeup, effectiveness of body’s detox system)
34
Q

toxicity

A

measures how harmful a substance is in causing injury, illness, or death

35
Q

five major factors affecting the amount of harm caused by a substance

A
  • solubility
  • persistence
  • bioaccumulation
  • biomagnification
  • chemical interactions/reactions
36
Q

solubility

A
  • affects the amount of harm caused by a substance
  • high solubility means the chemical can move through the environment more easily
  • fat- and oil-soluble toxins can accumulate in an organism
37
Q

persistence

A
  • affects the amount of harm caused by a substance
  • chemicals may resist breakdown & remain in the environment for a long time
  • may have long-lasting effects
38
Q

bioaccumulation

A
  • affects the amount of harm caused by a substance
  • molecules that are absorbed can be stored in the body at higher levels with each dose
39
Q

biomagnification

A
  • affects the amount of harm caused by a substance
  • toxins accumulate at greater levels as they move up tophic levels
40
Q

chemical interactions/reactions

A
  • affects the amount of harm caused by a substance
  • antagonistic interaction: reduces harmful effects of toxins
  • synergistic interaction: enhances harmful effects
41
Q

acute vs chronic effect

A
  • acute: immediate reaction to a toxin
  • chronic: long-lasting consequence from exposure to a harmful substance
42
Q

basic concept of toxicology

A

any synthetic or natural chemical can be harmful if ingested in a large enough quantity

43
Q

three major bodily mechanisms for reducing harmful effects of chemicals

A
  • break down, dilute, or excrete toxins; keeps them from reaching harmful levels
  • enzymes can repair damaged dna & protein molecules
  • cells can reproduce fast enough to replace damaged cells
44
Q

poverty

A
  • greatest risk, in terms of premature deaths per year & reduced life span
  • reducing poverty would improve human rights, provide more people with income (stimulating economic development), reduce environmental degredation, reduce threat of terrorism
45
Q

factors for difficulty in determining risk for complex tech

A
  • unpredictability of human behaviour
  • human error
  • sabotage
  • chance events
46
Q

system reliability (equation)

A

% = [tech reliability] * [human reliability]

47
Q

ionising radiation

A
  • in the form of x-rays
  • radiation from nuclear sources
  • uv radiation from the sun/sun lamps
48
Q

minamata disease

A
  • neurological effects from mercury poisoning
  • 1956, minamata, japan
  • mercury from industrial wastewater bioaccumulated in fish & shellfish
49
Q

epidemiological transition (phases 1-5)

A
  • phase 1: high death rates due to epidemics, famine, war
  • phase 2: less frequent epidemics, medical advances =dropping death rates
  • phase 3: levelling off of death rate, nontransmissible disease associated with aging is majority of death toll
  • phase 4: level death rate, imedical advances leads to increasing average life span
  • phase 5: urbanisation & overuse of antibiotics/pesticides leads to increase in death rate due to re-emergence of new infectious diseases
50
Q

factors that impact the sense of evaluating risk

A
  • degree of control over situation
  • fear of the unknown
  • conditions of the situation; voluntary risks vs forced risks
  • unfair distribution of risks
51
Q

factors for poor risk evaluation

A
  • misinformation
  • denial; confirmation bias
  • irrational fears/phobias

APES (7 decks)

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