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Bio 30 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Purpose of Cell Division

A
  • Multicellular eukaryotic organisms to arise from a single fertilized egg (zygote)
  • Growth and maintenance (replacement of old or damaged cells with new ones)
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2
Q

Somatic Cells vs. Gametes

A

Somatic Cells: all non sexual cells of the body, Mitosis
Gametes: Sex cells (sperm and egg), Meiosis

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells, made of nucleic acids (DNA) and proteins.

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4
Q

Types of Chromosomes

A

-Uncondensed (cannot be seen under light microscope, long and skinny)
- Condensed (can be seen under light microscope, thick shortie)

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5
Q

Chromatid

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

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6
Q

Phases of Cell Cycle

A

Interphase (90% of cell cycle)
Mitotic Phase (10% of cell cycle)

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7
Q

Stages of Interphase

A
  • Gap 1
  • S phase
  • Gap 2
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8
Q

Gap 1

A

Cell growth before DNA replication; cell functioning (normal)

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9
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis of DNA; DNA is duplicated (single to double stranded for future cell division)

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10
Q

Gap 2

A

Cell prepares for cell division (mitosis) by building proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis

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11
Q

Mitotic Phase Stages

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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12
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes become visible as they shorten and thicken (i.e condensed), centriole in cytoplasm divides and moves to opposite poles of cells; provide attachment or spindle fibers.

  • Nuclear membrane fades; nucleolus disappears
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13
Q

Metaphase

A

Sister chromatids move toward center of cell, equatorial plate.
- Chromosomes appear as dark, thick masses attached to spindle fibers

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14
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

In cell biology, the spindle apparatus is the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells.

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15
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide; chromatids move to opposite poles of cell

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16
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle fibers dissolve: nuclear membrane begins to form around each mass of chromatin

17
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm and distribution of organelles to “daughter” cells; occurs during telophase. Pinches off in center as cytoplasm moves to opposite poles; cell membrane pinches to form 2 separate daughter cells, forming the “cleavage”

18
Q

A Cell Clock

A

A biological clock regulates the # of cell division. Immature cells always completed 50 division no matter

19
Q

Why cells stop dividing

A
  1. Senescence: process of aging, progression of irreversible change that eventually leads to death
  2. Cell Specialization: the more specialized a cell, the less able it is to undergo mitosis. Eg. Neuron
20
Q

Difference between twin formation

A

Identical twins are a single zygote divided in two vs. Fraternal twins who are two separate zygotes in the same womb

21
Q

How Animals are Cloned

A

They extract nucleus from an unfertilized egg cell and insert a nucleus from a cell of a separate organism, cell is in blastula and the egg cell with transplanted nucleus grows normally and the adult becomes a clone of the nucleus donor

  • Mammal cell cloning is more difficult
22
Q

Totipotent

A
23
Q

Cancer Cells

A

The result of rapidly uncontrollably grown cells

24
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body

25
Q

Tumor

A

A mass of cancerous cells within an otherwise normal tissue.

  • Benign, cell didn’t move location (not usually serious)
  • Malignant, moved (impairs functions of one or more organs, “cancer”)
26
Q

Telomeres

A

Caps at the end of chromosomes, reduces in length each time it goes through cell cycle and divides. Telomerase enzyme function in maintaining telomere length

27
Q

Gametes

A

A gamete is a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

28
Q

Stages of Meiosis

A
  1. Interphase
    2.

Bio 30 (3 decks)

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