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Bio 30 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The Two Divisions of the Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
And Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

Job of the Central Nervous System

A

CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, integrates and processes information

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3
Q

Job of the Peripheral Nervous System

A

PNS includes nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and nerves that send info from the CNS and to the muscles and glands

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4
Q

Types of Nerves in the PNS and what they do

A
  • Automatic Nerves (involuntary) which control glandular secretions and the functioning of smooth and cardiac muscles. (ANS)
  • Sensory Somatic Nerves (voluntary)
    Controls voluntary movement and transmits sensory information to the brain. It’s made up of cranial and spinal nerves, and contains both sensory and motor neurons
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5
Q

Types of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic,
Sympathetic is like flight, freeze and fight. Like stress. Parasympathetic affects rest and digestion

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6
Q

Two types of Nervous System Cells

A

Neurons and Glial cells.

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7
Q

What are neurons?

A

Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. They respond to physical and chemical stimuli and conduct electrochemical signals. They also release chemicals that regulate various body processes

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8
Q

Types of Neurons

A

Sensory neurons, Interneurons and Motor Neurons

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9
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Transmit impulses from the sensory receptors to the interneurons

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10
Q

Interneurons

A

Are found in the brain and spinal cord; act as an integration centre, being a link between sensory neurons and motor neurons

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11
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Conduct impulses from the interneurons to the effectors. Transmitting info from the CNS to muscles, glands and other organs

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12
Q

Effectors

A

Muscles, glands and other organs that respond to impulses from the motor neurons

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13
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Receive stimuli and convert energy for a nerve impulse

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14
Q

The Three Main Jobs of a Nerve Cell

A

Sensory Input: Monitor both external and internal environments
Integration: Process the information and often integrate it with stored information
Motor Output: if necessary, signal effector organs to make an appropriate response

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15
Q

Main parts of a Neuron

A

Dendrites, Cell Body, Schwann Cells, axon and Myelin sheath

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16
Q

What are Dendrites

A

Short branching terminals that receive nerve impulses from other neurons or sensory receptors, and relay impulses to cell body

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17
Q

What is the Cell body

A

A body that contains the nucleus and is site of metabolic reactions. Also processes info from dendrites

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18
Q

What is the Schwann Cells?

A

A type of glial cell that produces the myelin sheath- cell wraps around axon.
In CNS, myelinated neurons form what is known as white matter and un-myelinated neurons form grey matter

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19
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

A glistening white coat of fatty protein, acts as insulation for the neurons (prevents loss of charged ions for the nerve cell)

20
Q

Axon

A

An axon is a long, thin nerve fiber that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body of a neuron. Coated in the Myelin Sheath with gaps that the nerves jump over

21
Q

Stem Cells

A

Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. They serve as a repair system for the body

22
Q

Reflex arc

A

A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls an automatic response to a stimulus. It’s the basic unit of a reflex, like the knee jerk, and it doesn’t involve the brain.

23
Q

Two states of Nerve Impulses

A

Resting Potential (-70mV) and Action Potential (+40mV)

24
Q

Saltatory Conduction in Myelinated Axons

A

the rapid transmission of nerve impulses along a myelinated axon where the electrical signal “jumps” from one node of Ranvier to the next, significantly increasing the speed of signal conduction compared to unmyelinated axons

25
Glial Cells
Glial cells, also known as neuroglia, are cells that support, protect and remove waste from the nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and nervous system
26
Nerves
A bundle of neurons
27
Nodes of Ranvier
Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve axons. They are essential for the transmission of electrical impulses, or action potentials, along axons
28
Saltatory Conduction
Saltatory conduction is the rapid transmission of electrical impulses along myelinated axons. Action potentials traveling down the axon "jump" from node to node.
29
Threshold levels
the membrane potential value (approximately -55mV) that must be reached for an action potential to be triggered. If a stimulus causes the neuron to depolarize and reach this threshold, a rapid and automatic chain of events occurs, leading to the neuron firing an action potential.
30
All or none response
The all or none principle means that signal transmission between neurons is not dependent on the strength of the stimuli but, rather, only that the initial threshold is met. In other words, neurons will either transmit an impulse over the synapse to the next neuron completely or not at all.
31
Synapse
A synapse is the gap between nerve cells where they communicate with each other
32
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry signals between neurons, muscles, and glands. They are essential for normal bodily function
33
Neurotransmitter Jobs and their differences
- Excitatory An excitatory transmitter triggers receptor proteins in post synaptic cleft to allow positive ions in. nerve cells that activate other neurons and send electrical signals throughout the brain. - Inhibitory Triggers potassium channels to open. Also prevents neurons from firing too much by decreasing activity in the postsynaptic neuron. This can be thought of as a "stop" or "no" signal
34
Meninges
The meninges are three layers of membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. The layers are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
35
Dorsal nerve tract vs Ventral nerve tract
Dorsal brings sensory info. into spinal cord, while Ventral carries motor info. from spinal cord to muscles and organs
36
The three regions of the brain and what they do
1. Forebrain (reason, intellect, memory, language & personality) 2. Midbrain (relay centre for eye & ear) 3. Hindbrain (balance, muscle control & autonomic control)
37
Forebrain parts & what they do
1. Cerebrum (motor actions, speech reasoning, memory & personality) 2. Thalamus (receives sensory info) 3. Hypothalamus (unites nervous & endocrine systems)
38
What each side of the brain does
Left: Language, Math & Logic Right: Spatial abilities, facial recognition, visual imagery & music
39
Corpus Callosum
Bundle of nerves that allows communication between two hemispheres
40
The 4 lobes
Frontal, Temporal, Parietal & Occipital lobe
41
The jobs of the 4 lobes
Frontal: voluntary muscles, personality & memory Temporal: interpret sensory info (hearing, smell, vision) & interpreting speech Parietal: touch, pain, taste (temperature) & emotions Occipital: vision
42
Midbrain
The midbrain is involved in several functions, including motor control, particularly eye movements and processing of vision and hearing
43
Hindbrain parts and their jobs
Cerebellum: Controls limb movements, balance & muscle tone Pons: a relay station that passes info between the 2 regions of the cerebellum & between cerebellum and the medulla Medulla Oblongata: the connection between the brainstem and the spinal cord. Responsible for regulating breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure & reflex actions
44
Sensory Somatic
The sensory-somatic nervous system is a network of nerves that carries sensory information to the brain and controls movement
45

Bio 30 (7 decks)

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