Chapter 15

Question 1

Pituitary Hormones

Answer 1

Oxytocin
ADH
TSH
MSH
Endorphins
ACTH
LH

GH
FSH
PRL

Question 2

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 2

Stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid. Thyroxine regulates cell metabolism. From the Anterior Lobe

Question 3

Corticotropin Adrenal Steroid (ACTH)

Answer 3

Targets Adrenal cortex. Stimulates the release of hormones involved in long term stress responses. From the Anterior Lobe

Question 4

Somatotropin (STH) or Growth Hormone (GH)

Answer 4

Targets most cells and promotes growth. Elongation of bones & internal organs. From the Anterior Lobe

Question 5

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 5

Targets ovaries & testes. In females stimulates follicle development in ovaries. In males promotes the development of sperm cells in tissues. From the Anterior Lobe

Question 6

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Answer 6

Targets Melanocytes in skin. Promote production of melanin in skin cells. From the Anterior Lobe

Question 7

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Answer 7

Targets Ovaries & Testes. In females stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum. In males stimulates production of the sex hormone, testosterone. From the Anterior Lobe

Question 8

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 8

Targets Mammary Glands. Stimulates and maintains milk production in females. Produced by anterior pituitary gland

Question 9

Anterior/Pituitary gland Lobe Hormones

Answer 9

TSH
ACTH
GH
FSH
MSH
LH
PRL

Question 10

The 3 components of Homeostatic Controls and what they do

Answer 10

• Receptor (located in the organs, it signals CC once organ operates outside its normal limits)

-Coordinating centre (relays info. to appropriate effectors)

-Effector (helps restore normal balance)

Question 11

Types of Secretory Cells and what they do

Answer 11

1. Neurosecretory Cells (specialized neurons that release chemical messengers (neurohormones) directly into the bloodstream, regulate target tissues and physiological response)
2. Endocrine Cells (exo & endo: exo produces sweat, mucus or digestive enzymes. Endo produces hormones and release them into body fluids. Pancreas- releases insulin)

Question 12

Pineal gland

Answer 12

The pineal gland is a small, pea-shaped endocrine organ in the brain that produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

Question 13

Thymus gland

Answer 13

The thymus gland is a lymphoid organ located behind the sternum that plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of T-cells, essential components of the immune system.

Question 14

The Pituitary Gland

Answer 14

The pituitary gland is a small sac like structure connected to the hypothalamus at the base of the brain that controls various vital functions by secreting hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Question 15

Oxytocin (OCT)

Answer 15

Targets Uterus & Mammary Gland. Induces Uterine contractions, releases breast milk and influences social behaviour (trust, security, contentment). Produced by Posterior Pituitary gland

Question 16

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 16

Targets kidneys. Promotes water retention by kidney, decreases urine output to conserve water and detects changes in osmotic press. In body fluids. Produced by Posterior Pituitary gland

Question 17

Estrogen

Answer 17

Targets tissues, reproductive organs, bones, brain and cardiovascular system. Female reproductive development, such as secondary sex characteristics and menstruation. Produced by Ovaries

Question 18

Progesterone

Answer 18

Targets uterine endometrium, mammary gland & brain. Supports pregnancy, regulates menstruation and mood & produces testosterone. Produced by Ovaries

Question 19

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer 19

Targets Central Nervous System, Cardiovascular system & skeletal system. Plays a crucial role in metabolism, heart & muscle function, brain development and bone health. Produced by Thyroid

Question 20

Calcitonin

Answer 20

Targets osteoclasts in bones & kidneys. Regulates Calcium levels in the blood (primarily decreasing them). Produced by Thyroid Gland

Question 21

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

Answer 21

Targets heart, blood vessels, lungs and muscles. Initiates “Flight of flight”, increases heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen intake. Produced by Adrenal Medulla

Question 22

Insulin

Answer 22

Targets liver, muscle & fat cells. Lowers blood glucose levels by aiding glucose in uptake cells. Produced by Pancreas

Question 23

Glucagon

Answer 23

Targets Raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose. Produced by Pancreas

Question 24

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Answer 24

Targets various tissues. Regulates metabolism, blood sugar levels & body response to stress. Produced by Adrenal Cortex

Question 25

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 25

Targets kidneys (distal tubule). Regulates sodium and potassium balance, and water retention (promotes their reabsorption). Produced by Adrenal Cortex

Question 26

Gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)

Answer 26

Targets Gonads and Brain. Crucial role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, sexual reproduction, bone health, muscle mass and metabolism. Produced by Adrenal Cortex

Question 27

Testosterone

Answer 27

Targets tissues involved in male reproductive function. Develops secondary sexual characteristics and aids in sperm production. Produced from testes

Question 28

Melatonin

Answer 28

Targets the brain, immune system, gonads, kidneys, and cardiovascular system. Regulates circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles. Produced by Pineal Gland

Question 29

Thymosin, Thymopoletin & Thymulin

Answer 29

Targets T-cells. Crucial for T-cell development and Immune System. Produced by Thymus Gland

Question 30

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 30

Targets bones, kidneys & small intestine. A key regulator of calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, bone, and kidneys. Produced by Parathyroid Gland

Question 31

What does Posterior lobe of pituitary do

Answer 31

Stores and releases hormones which have been produced by hypothalamus, then release them to blood to carry to target tissues

Question 32

Two types of cells in the Pancreas

Answer 32

1. Produces digestive enzymes 2. Produces hormones

Question 33

The three different types of Diabetes mellitus

Answer 33

1. Juvenile- onset (Type 1) - Caused by early degeneration of beta cells in the islets of langerhans (insulin injections) 2. Adult- onset (Type 2) (unhealthy) - Decreased insulin production, insulin receptors stop responding to insulin. (oral drugs) 3. Gestational Diabetes - Temporary, occurs in 2-4% pregnancies. Increases risk of type 2 diabetes in child and mom

Question 34

Islet of Langerhans

Answer 34

clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas responsible for producing and releasing hormones

Question 35

Adrenal gland

Answer 35

Hormone gland located above kidneys, and that is composed of two glands (inner gland and medulla)

Question 36

Thyroid gland

Answer 36

Hormone gland located at base of neck. Produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 37

Goiter

Answer 37

Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by iodine deficiency, autoimmune diseases, or hormonal imbalances. It can lead to symptoms such as swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing, or changes in hormone levels affecting metabolism.

Question 38

Parathyroid Glands

Answer 38

The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands located behind the thyroid, responsible for regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body

Question 39

Physiological responses to decrease water intake or increase water loss

Question 40

Hormonal Changes in Response to Stress

Answer 40

- Epinephrine increases (metabolizes carbohydrate and fat E stores, ^ blood glucose, accelerates heart rate) - Cortisol increases (mobilizes E stores/converts proteins to glucose, ^ blood amino acids, blood glucose and blood fatty acids) - Glucagon increases (glycogen > glucose) - Insulin decreases ( v storage of glycogen in liver)

Question 41

Problems associated with long-term stress

Answer 41

- Higher blood sugar - Increased blood pressure - Increased heart rate

Question 42

Prostaglandins