Chapter 16: The Art and science of Clinical psychology Flashcards
Who was Paul Meehl?
A rising star from the University of Minnesota’s psychology department, stepped up to the podium at a meeting of the midwestern Psychological Association to deliver his presidential address.
What was Meehl’s published book?
Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence.
What did Meehl argue in this book?
he argued for the general superiority of empirical data over clinical judgment in making predictions about behaviour.
Who was Leta Hollingworth?
A member of the American Association of Clinical Psychologists, had suggested instituting a doctorate in psychology for those who wanted to specialize in testing and other kinds of application.
Who was Lightner Witmer?
had been the first to physically and methodologically bridge the laboratory and the clinic.
How did Witmer assess children in the Psychological Clinic?
using an approach he referred to as the clinical method, involving a medical exam and extensive psychological testing.
What does this testing encompass?
various cognitive tasks, some of which were imported directly from the lab. Results led to a detailed plan for each child, specifically developed to address his or her particular challenges.
Who was Molly Harrower?
A psychological consultant at the US Department of State, Harrower had begun a parallel career as a clinical psychologist in private practice a couple of years earlier in NYC. The first psychologist in private practice NY.
Who was Beatrice Edgell?
She studied psychology at Bedford College, University of London, where she was mentored by Beatrice Edgell, the first woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in experimental psychology in Great Britain. Edgell was a positive influence and Harrower became interested in pursuing graduate work in the field.
What did she learn at Smith?
The techniques of experimental psychology to test Gestalt principles and conducted research on visual perception.
Who is Kurt Goldstein?
a neurologist at Montefiore Hospital in NY. With Goldstein at Montefiore she became comfortable relating to patients in a medical environment and worked closely with doctors and psychiatrists.
Who is Wilder Penfield?
Harrower moved to Montreal and began what would become a historic assignment working with acclaimed neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield.
What did Penfield pioneer?
a technique for treating severe epilepsy involving stimulation of the brains of fully conscious patients and recording their responses. When he stimulated a spot that produced the characteristic aura preceding a seizure, he removed that small portion of the brain and successfully reduced the severity of the patient’s illness.
Who is Hermann Rorschach?
invented the Rorschach inkblot test, was a Swiss psychiatrist. In 1921 he outlined the technique in his book psycho-diagnostics.
What was Rorschach was primarily interested?
the effects of mental states on perception, which he defined as being made up of three processes: sensation, memory, and association.
What was Rorschach perceptual processes?
how these were related to their mental states or neurological conditions.
What are determinants?
After all responses were recorded, the tester would ask, for each response, “What made it look like that to you?” During this inquiry phase of the technique, the tester would uncover which of the determinants (color, form, shading, texture, or movement) patients had used in formulating their responses.
What was psychopathic personality?
schizophrenia, manic depression, epilepsy, dementia, and several other conditions.
Who is Bruno Klopfer?
a well-known interpreter of the Rorschach projective technique.
Harrower asked the question: Could the Rorschach technique detect the presence of brain tumors?
After detailed examination of numerous test protocols, she concluded that the Rorschach results of patients with tumors, did in fact, differ from those patients without tumors.
An example of this is:
while someone without tumors might give responses that used form, shading, and color, patients with tumours might consistently report using only the form or shape of the inkblot to describe their response. Meaning that patients with tumours appeared to cope with their impairment by simplifying their approach to the environment and clinging to strategies that seemed to work for them.
The need for more mental health practitioners, including clinical psychologists, was a national concern in the US, as we have noted, and this need led to?
the passage of the National Mental Health Act in 1946. Funds would be directed toward increased training efforts in four professions: psychiatry, psychology, psychiatric social work, and psychiatric nursing.
Who is David Shakow?
Was a chosen participate in the Committee on Training established by the Act and emerged as a key leader in designing a standardized clinical psychology graduate program.
What did Shakow and seventy-two colleagues met in Boulder, Colorado, in 1949 at a historic conference?
in fifteen days this group mapped out almost every aspect of clinical psychology training and credentialing, from student selection, to standards of training, to program accreditation, to professional licensure.
What were the three primary functions of clinical psychology?
diagnosis, research, and therapy.
What did Shakow emphasize about diagnosis?
he emphasized determining both the nature and the origin of a patient’s condition, especially its underlying psychological dynamics and potential outcomes.
What did Shakow emphasize about research?
Shakow was conducting research as the clinical psychologist’s main role. Rigorous training in scientific methodology, research design, and statistical analysis would set clinical psychologists apart from other mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, most of whom were not systematically trained to do clinical research.
Who is Carl Rogers?
One of the earliest psychologists to both empirically study the process of psychotherapy and develop a new approach.
