Chapter 12: Psychology gets "Personality": Allport, Maslow, and the Broadening Field Flashcards
Who was Gordon Allport?
a young Ph.D. student nervously awaited his chance to deliver a three-minute summary of his dissertation research at the annual meeting of Titchener’s Society of Experimental Psychologists.
Who is Abraham Maslow?
Another small but significant sign of the new intellectual climate occurred six years later when a bright young Cornell University undergraduate, who enrolled in what would be Titchener’s final offering of his introductory psychology course before his death in August of that year.
What is personality psychology?
uses methods ranging from individual case studies through the large-scale statistical analysis of the interrelationships of various personality traits.
What is humanistic psychology?
He formulated a new theory of human motives arranged in a hierarchy and promoted a new “third force”” in psychology, became increasingly increasingly interested in the topic of what enables people to be normal or healthy.
Who is Gordon W. Allport?
the youngest of four accomplished brothers, grew up in suburban Cleveland, Ohio.
What were Munsterberg’s argument that there are two legitimate but fundamentally different kinds of psychology?
one causal and objective, emphasizing the deterministic and mechanistic links between specific stimuli and the responses they produce; and the other purposive and subjective, requiring psychologists to enter into and share their subject’s particular thought processes and points of view.
Who is June Etta Downey?
The University of Wyoming psychologist, for example,
What was the Allport’s brothers traits?
The unifying concept of personality studies, they concluded, was their focus on individual differences in traits: habitual patterns of behavior, temperament, intelligence, sociality, and emotion that differentiate one person from another.
They also co-wrote an article entitled?
“Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement,” which was conveniently promptly published in the journal they co-edited.
What are their temperamental traits?
it includes emotional breadth and strength, self-expressive ones included extroversion-introversion and ascendance-submission, and sociality highlighted social participation and susceptibility to social stimuli.
Who is William Stern?
he promoted a personalistic psychology in which the central concept was the individual and the main goal was understanding each person’s individuality.
What is relational individuality?
Stern argued that there are two ways to approach this goal. one was to investigate what he called relational individuality, defined by the subject person’s relative or statistical positions on a large variety of separately measured traits.
What is real individuality?
More important to Stern than relational individuality, however, was what he called real individuality, Gestalt-like conception of each person’s unique and unified self that is more than the sum of its individual characteristics.
What was Philip Vernon and Allport’s study of values?
a test asking subjects to rank their relative preferences for statements written to reflect six different types of values: economic, aesthetic, theoretical, political, social, and religious.
What did Allport and Henry Odbert publish?
“Trait Names: A psycholexical study.” They scoured dictionaries and identified some 18,000 different words used to described personal characteristics or traits.
What big book did Allport publish in 1930?
Personality: A Psychological Interpretation.
What was his other textbook in 1937?
Psychology of Personality
What was Nomothetic methods?
In addressing the two-psychologies issue, Allport identified two contrasting research styles, which he designated nomothetic and idiographic, Nomothetic methods study people in terms of general dimensions or characteristics on which they vary to quantitatively specifiable degrees.
What is Idiographic methods?
investigate and describe what it is that makes a given person unique, an approach that’s more likely to be qualitative than quantitative.
What did Allport’s life history or case study provide?
“A framework within which the psychologist can place all his observations gathered by other methods; it is his final affirmation of the individuality and uniqueness of every personality.”
What were Allport’s two provisional lessons for personality psychology?
First, he argued that when dealing with normal personalities, a psychologist should always take seriously, and at face value, the conscious self-reports of the subjects. if you want to know something about people, ask them first and don’t immediately assume their responses have been distorted by unconscious factors.
What is functional autonomy?
In one of his most significant theoretical contributions, Allport suggested that such traits come to manifest a functional autonomy from their childhood origins; for a full understanding of the mature, normal person, he insisted that this ongoing functionality was more important than those distant origins.
Who is Raymond B. Cattell?
Although not a statistical expert himself, Allport lobbied Harvard in 1941 to hire the young English psychologist Raymond B. Cattle.
What is factor analysis?
Cattell had been trained at the University of London in the emerging technique of factor analysis, a set of statistical procedures in which the intercorrelations of large numbers of individual variables can be reduced to smaller factors, clusters, or principal components.
What is the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire?
an easily administered multiple-choice test for measuring these factors, which has undergone several successful revisions.
What is Hans J. Eysenck PEN model?
Eysenck argued that by far the most powerful information one can have about an individual personality is his or her relative standing on these three general dimensions – often said to constitute the PEN model of personality (based on their initial letters).
Who is Walter Mischel?
The debate was started by Walter, a Stanford University psychologist who had previously been Allport’s junior colleague at Harvard, in his 1968 Textbook Personality and Assessment.
What is the person-situation controversy?
as it became known, addressed the question of whether a person’s behavior in a given situation is more strongly determined by his or her pre-existing personality traits or dispositions, or by the demands of the particular circumstances.
What is Louis Goldberg’s the Big Five?
Gradually a consensus arose in favour of five as the ideal number of personality factors, and the model that gained considerable support was called the Big Five.
What are the Big Five’s? (OCEAN)
Openness (versus narrowness or shallowness), conscientiousness (versus carelessness or carefreeness), extroversion (versus introversion), agreeableness (versus coldness or quarrelsomeness), and neuroticism (versus calmness and stability).
Who is Henry A. Murray?
was born into a wealthy New York family and led a privileged early life. Earned a Ph.D. in Biochemistry.
Who was Christiana Morgan?
a younger married woman with whom he would continue to collaborate asa the two carried on an extramarital love affair that lasted until Morgan’s death.
What is personology?
the ideal goal of a case study should be to elucidate all three of these domains, he believed, using as wide a variety of tests, interviews, and other methods as possible. This approach, later to be extended to the study of women as well as men, came to be referred to by both Murray and his followers as personology.
What is Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
a series of 32 black-and-white pictures or photographs depicting ambiguous but potentially dramatic scenes (for example, one with a young boy gazing pensively at a violin; another of a young woman with an older hooded woman looking over her shoulder; another depicting a man and woman in the midst of some sort of dramatic interaction).
What was Murray’s book?
They published Explorations in Personality in 1938, a ground breaking book detailing their procedures and including a complete reproduction of the case material on one of the studied subjects.
What is Psychogenic needs?
the book also described a conceptual scheme in which individuals were seen as motivated, often unconsciously, by twenty-seven psychogenic needs, which become aroused in various ways by environmental “presses.”
What were these needs?
Achievement (to overcome obstacles in the service of attaining personally important goals), for Affiliation (to have frequent and positive contact with others), for power (having control or domination over others), and for Autonomy (the ability to be independent of others).
Who is David McClelland?
This concept of motivational needs was subsequently pursued in a more nomothetic direction by DM.
What is psychobiography?
This group established guidelines for the responsible writing of psychobiography - the use of psychoanalytic and other psychological personality theories to interpret and illuminate an individual’s life story.
Who was Walter Langer’s book?
Explorations in Personality
What was the notable chapter in the Handbook of psychobiography?
“What psychobiographers Might Learn from Personality Psychology” by the Northwestern University personologist Dan McAdams, argues that an individual life can be most profitably approached and conceptualized at three separate but complementary levels.
What is immature religion?
is a religious attachment adopted largely for self-aggrandizing reasons; it is unreflective, literal-minded, bigoted, and intolerant of other beliefs or ambiguity.
What is Mature religion?
by contrast, is belief in a spiritual reality while simultaneously accepting an inevitable unknowableness and mystery regarding ultimate questions.
What was Allport a leader in the creation of in 1936?
Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues and one of its earliest presidents.
A decade later Allport collaborated with colleagues on?
with colleagues from the psychology, sociology, and anthropology departments at Harvard to create a new Department of Social Relations, in which students were encouraged to pursue interdisciplinary and social relevant approached to their research.
Who is Thomas Pettigrew?
Came to study prejudice with Allport in the mid-1950s, accompanying him on a field trip to South Africa and later becoming a full Harvard colleague and one of the leading experts on black-white race relations in the US and elsewhere.
Who is Gardner Lindzey?
Came to Harvard in 1946 as one of Allport’s first graduate students in social relations.
What Handbook did Lindzey produce?
a Handbook of Social Psychology
What else did Lindzey contribute to?
the status of personality psychology by co-authoring, with his former teacher Calvin Hall, the important textbook Theories of Personality.
What was the theory-oriented approach to personality?
it began with chapters on Freud and Jung and proceeding to describe the approaches of some dozen others, including Lewin, Cattell, Eysenck, the learning theorists, Murray, and Allport himself.
Who is Abraham Maslow?
was the firstborn child of jewish immigrants to New York City from Russia. And the future founder of a “positive psychology,” known for his genial and kindly personality, always recalled his childhood as miserably unhappy.
What did this theory represent?
it demonstrated the fact that psychological theories linking childhood unhappiness to future negativity are valid only in a statistical sense, and that there will always be individual variations.
Who is William Sheldon?
More directly important for Maslow were two younger psychologists just beginning their careers. William Sheldon was developing an approach combining behaviorist methodology with theory about physical body types, which he classified as being predominantly ectomorphic (thin an lightly muscled), endomorphic (relatively high in body fat), or mesomorphic (muscular).
Who was Harry Harlow?
In 1930, just as Maslow was accepted into Wisconsin’s graduate program, a new Stanford Ph.D. named Harry Harlow joined its faculty.
What was Maslow’s founded Thorndike’s response to be “practically angelic?”
Although he did not particularly like the interview research or agree with the critique, Thorndike added that Maslow had achieved some of the highest scores ever recorded on the aptitude tests he took at the beginning of his fellowship and declared: “I’ll assume that if I give you your head, it’ll be the best for you and for me - and for the world.”
Who is Ruth Benedict?
through him the couple got to know several other anthropologists, including RB, who particularly impressed Maslow with both her personal and her professional qualities.
What book did Benedict publish?
Patterns of Culture, in which she promoted the idea that culture - a term that previously had a restricted, technical use within anthropology - could be thought of as analogous to the idea of personality within psychology: “personality writ large,” as the famous anthropologist Margaret Mead put it in the book’s Preface.
What were her three ethnic groups?
An “Appolonian” culture promoted behaviour that was generally rational and restrained; “Dionysian” societies were exuberant, emotional, and relatively unrestrained; and members of “Paranoid” cultures tended to be distrustful and antagonistic.
What was the Textbook on personality that Stagner wrote?
it was called “Personality and Patterns of Culture.”
In 1938 Benedict convinced Maslow to spend several weeks living within a Blackfoot First Nations community in western Canada, what did they gain firsthand knowledge on?
the interrelated notions that (1) cultural factors set important conditions within which specific personality traits are more or less likely to occur, and (2) all people share a basic humanity and basic needs that can and sometimes do override their cultural differences.
Who is Erich Fromm?
A trained Freudian analyst, that had also been exposed to the Neo-Marxist social theories prevalent at the University of Frankfurt’s Institute for Social Research, where he worked prior to emigrating to New York.
What was Fromm’s first book?
Escape from Freedom, published in 1941.
What are peak experiences?
Maslow would rather refer to these as peak experiences an attempt to study them systematically.
What is self-actualization?
For Maslow, self-actualization was the tendency of psychologically healthy people to fulfill their potential.
What is the hierarchy of needs?
His brilliantly simple solution was the hierarchy of needs. He began his argument by noting that under conditions of extreme deprivation, the motives of hunger and thirst are unquestionably paramount.
What is physiological needs?
The most elemental ones, including food and shelter, whose lack of satisfaction is physically catastrophic for the individual and which dominate every other concern if unmet, are the physiological needs.
What are safety needs?
The requirement to be protected from threats by predators, criminals, extremes of climate and temperature, or other hazardous environmental circumstances.
What are the belonging and love needs?
Once physiological and safety needs have been satisfied, the belonging and love needs become prominent - strong desires for affection, friendship, and a sense of belonging within a social group.
What are esteem needs?
if these needs have been satisfied, however, what Maslow called esteem needs rise to the surface. These needs involve the “desire for a stable, firmly based, (usually) high evaluation of themselves, for self-respect, or self-esteem, and for the esteem of others… (T)hwarting of these needs produces feelings of inferiority, of weakness and of helplessness.”
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs pyramid?
Self-actualization - Living to full potential, achieving personal dreams and aspirations; Esteem - Good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation; Belonging and love - Acceptance, friendship; Safety - security, protection, freedom from threats; Physiological - Hunger, thirst, warmth, air, sleep.
What is the third force?
They collaborated in a broad movement to establish a new third force in psychology (after behaviourism and psychoanalysis) that came to be called humanistic psychology.
Who is Carl Rogers?
had preceded him at Wisconsin where he studied agriculture and religion before finally obtaining a counselling degree from Columbia Teachers College.
What is client-centred therapy?
and described it fully in a 1951 book. Traditionally, the therapist would periodically interrupt the patient’s free associations or other accounts to interject interpretations of the material based on the therapist’s own theoretical system. A Freudian, for instance, would interpret in terms of repressed childhood sexuality, an Adlerian in terms of perceived inferiorities, and so on. Rogers, by contrast, believed that the validity of any particular insights should be determined not by their conformity with the therapist’s pre-existing views but by his clients themselves. Rogers deliberately chose the word “client” instead of “patient” to indicate a greater sense of equality in the therapeutic relationship.
What is Rogers reflection?
consistent with this perspective, Rogers developed a “non-directive” counselling approach characterized by a technique he called reflection - the mirroring back to the client the substance of what he or she just said using different words. The reflection is intended to demonstrate that the therapist is genuinely listening and trying to understand what is being said, while encouraging further exploration of the issue under discussion.
Who is Rollo May?
An American psychologist and therapist promoted a slightly different but complementary point of view to that of Rogers and Maslow.
What is an existential psychotherapy?
After recovering he obtained a clinical psychology degree from Columbia, an went on the develop an existential psychotherapy that emphasized the quest for meaning in life as the paramount issue for modern humanity .
What is Maslow’s eupsychia?
an utopian society eupsychia, he tried to imagine institutions that would encourage maximum freedom for people to realize their full potential.
Who is Martin Seligman and what did he promote?
Some distinctly Maslovian ideas have moved very much into the mainstream with the recent movement officially called positive psychology, promoted by Martin and his associates.
What was Seligman’s 1991 Book?
Learned Optimism: How to Change your mind and your life.
What did Seligman and his colleagues establish?
a Positive Psychology Center, described on its website as promoting “the scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.”
