Chapter 11: Freud Flashcards
How are the two scientists who taught that the symptoms for hysteria were not an imagery illness?
Charcot and Bernheim
How did they treat these patients?
by hypnotizing and directing a suggest that the symptom’s disappear.
How did psychoanalysis come to be?
Due to some unresponsive hypnotic induction, the search for a different method was needed.
Who was Sigmund Freud’s older friend and mentor?
Josef Breuer, a successful conventional physician.
Who was the young woman Breuer treated with hysteria?
Bertha Pappenheim
What was the treatment cathartic method?
Hypnotized Pappenheim - asked her to think about her symptom’s and to try to recall the first time she experienced them. An emotional ‘forgotten’ memory would come about after the symptoms improved or disappeared.
What complication arose when Pappenheim became emotionally attached to Breuer?
a development that disturbed the proper doctor greatly.
What did Pappenhaeim become?
moved to Frankfurt, Germany and was one of the first social workers and feminist leader.
What did Freud and Breuer collaborate on?
- writing Studies on Hysteria, a book describing the cathartic method, by using the Pappenheim (Anna O) case.
What was the books startling hypothesis?
that “hysteria suffer mainly from reminiscences.”
What is pathogenic ideas?
Emotionally charged memory experiences that have been forgotten and placed beyond that reach of consciousness, to become disease-causing pathogenic ideas.
What caused hysteria symptoms?
Stimuli that would usually trigger the memory now activated the repressed emotional energy instead, which “discharged” into the muscles, causing a hysteria symptom.
What did Freud and Breuer call conversions?
symptoms as conversions of emotional into physical energy .
Who did the cathartic method of treatment work on?
Only people who could be deeply hypnotized and Freud found that many patients could not be.
How did the theory that Freud called psychoanalysis develop?
Psychoanalysis integrated and synthesized many ideas he had been exposed to during his rich educational and personal experiences.
Why did Freud learn Spanish?
So he could read Don Quixote.
What drew Freud to law?
His early interests in history and the humanities drew him toward a career in law, until a chance reading of an inspiring essay aroused more scientific ambitions.
The philosopher Franz Brentano published what important book?
In 1874, the year of Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology, Brentano published Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint.
What was the act psychology approach?
An approach that differentiated the basic nature of psychology’s subject matter from that of the physical sciences.
Why did Brentano believe the fundamental unit of psychology analysis was?
Was an act rather than an objects, that always refers to or “contains” an object. Ex: while a unit of physical analysis might be an atom, a psychological unit would be a wanting such a kind of atom to exist.
What did Brentano name this quality of ‘aboutness’ that all mental acts have?
Intentionality: their referring to, and taking attitudes of belief and\or desire toward, their objects.
What is intentionality?
is a purely subjective quality, detectable only through introspection, and we’ll see in Chapter 14 how come modern researchers of artificial intelligence debate the question of whether a highly sophisticated computer or other machine can ever experience it.
What did Brentano teach about “motivational factors”?
that any adequate psychological theory must be ‘dynamic,’ or. capable of accounting for the influence of ever-changing motivational factors on thought.
What distinguishes the difference between the “objective reality” of physical objects and the “subjective reality” of private thought?
he skeptically but seriously examined the literature on unconscious thought.
Who changed Freud’s direction in his third year?
A more influential teach named Ernst Brucke.
Who also were classmates with Ernst Brucke at university’s Physiological Institute?
Muller (teacher) with Helmholtz and du Bois-Reymond.
What was the new physiological mechanism they promoted?
it rejected vitalism and sought mechanistic explanations for all organic phenomena.
What did Freud gravitate towards once he began training at Vienna’s General Hospital?
connected with neurophysiology and worked primarily with the famous brain anatomist Theodor Meynert.
Who had Meynert previously taught?
Wernicke, whose pioneering work on brain localization and aphasia was covered in Chapter 3.
In 1885, Why did Meynert sponsor Freud?
for a travelling grant to study in Paris with the celebrated Charcot, just then at the height of his influence.
What did this offer him able to do?
with sufficient credentials to begin a private practice in the treatment of neurological diseases.
What caused Freud to lose favour with the Viennese medical establishment?
Freud reported favourably on Charcot’s opinion that men as well as women could be hysterics.
What did Freud call a pressure technique?
Wondering whether a similar technique might enhance his patients’ memory for pathogenic ideas while not under hypnosis, he experimented with what he called a pressure technique.
What technique did he finally adapt?
He called it free association. Instead of making direct suggestions, he asked them to let their thoughts run free and to report fully and openly whatever came to mind, even if it seemed irrelevant, silly, embarrassing, or anxiety-provoking.
What is overdetermination?
in which one symptom was caused not by a single factor but by two or more acting together. He came to believe that most hysteria symptoms were similarly overdetermined.
What other insight did Freud find while recovering memories through free association?
he became increasingly convinced that pathogenic ideas were not simply ‘forgotten’ like unimportant details.
What is the process of repression?
these ideas seemed to have been subjected to a willful and active - although largely unconscious - process of repression. Ex: his patients invariably resisted the free-association process somewhere along the line, and in widely differing ways.
How did Freud detect intra-psychic conflict in his patients?
with different aspects of each personality clamouring for mutually exclusive goals.
What does Freud later believe intra-psychic conflict is?
extending far beyond hysteria and pervading virtually all human activity.
What is Freud’s 1896 seduction theory of hysteria?
All hysterics, he now asserted, must have undergone sexual abuse as children.
