Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social psychology Flashcards
Who is Johann Joseph Gassner? apwctcmditastce
A priest who claimed to cure many difficult illnesses through a simple technique called exorcism.
Who is Franz Anton Mesmer?
Mesmer reportedly could cure patients in ways somewhat similar to Gassner’s except that he invoked a naturalistic force as his therapeutic agent instead of a supernaturalistic exorcism.
What is hypnotism?
the process of inducing mental concentration, resulting in a state of high suggestibility, and had tried to explain them in a scientific way.
What is social influence processes? tvwps and asbtb,a, and boop and s.
The various ways people shape and are shaped by the behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs of other people and situations - anticipated many developments in modern social psychology.
How did Mesmer and Gassner get into trouble? (FM,GC & IM)
with flamboyant methods, grandiose claims, and indirect manner soon got him into trouble with the scientific establishment.
What was the opera Mozart wrote for Mesmer? (CFT)
Cosi Fan Tutte.
Who is Maximilian Hell? alpwbeatsom
A local priest who became enthusiastic about the subject of magnetism, Mesmer frequently talked with him about how this seemed to be one of a group of several invisible and mysterious ‘fluids’ with potentially marvellous consequences gravitation, the recently discovered electricity, and the gases that could make balloons miraculously rise to the sky being other examples.
What is animal magnetism? mcthobmbassoaifoe
Mesmer concluded that his own body must be a strong source of an internal force or energy.
What is mesmerism? iwpwitsataomfteacs
in which patients were induced through suggestion and the application of magnetic force to enter a crisis state.
What was Mesmer’s banquet?
a covered wooden tub, filled with water and magnetized iron filings, with mental rods inserted into it with handles protruding outside.
What was Mesmer’s crisis room called?
Chambre de crises
What is Social Contagion? tsoi,a,or bpiagtiac
the spread of ideas, attitudes, or behavior patterns in a group through imitation and conformity.
What is Social facilitation? its or ioaa or biwpwasogs,teikasf
if the strength or intensity of an act or behavior increases when performed within a social or group setting, the effect is known as sf.
What has Mesmer founded as a series of mystical, quasi-religious schools called? SoH
Societies of Harmony
Who is Marquis de Puysegur? Afa, wmubtcaovnotcsptedtpom
A French aristocrat Amand Marie Jacques de Chastenet, who made uncomfortable by the convulsive and often violent nature of the crisis state patients typically entered during the practice of magnetism.
What is artificial somnambulism? hfrttnsaapcblciasboiastsw
he first referred to the new state as a perfect crisis but later called it artificial somnambulism because of its apparent similarity to sleepwalking.
What is the posthypnotic amnesia?
forgotten trance experiences upon awakening but remembered them when re-magnetized - an affect called PA.
What is a posthypnotic suggestion?
in which subjects in trance are told they will perform a certain act after awakening - scratch their left ear when the hypnotist coughs, for example - but will forget that they had been instructed to do so.
Who is Jose Custodio de Faria?
the Portuguese priest, addressed the important question of why all people did not respond equally well to the magnetists’ induction procedures.
What was Faria’s “lucid sleep’?
one person in five responded to these procedures by falling into a deep trance state identical to Puysegur’s artificial somnambulism. Faria simply instructed them to wake up. these are essentially the procedures still followed by most hypnotists today .
Who is John Elliotson?
a physician that observed a mesmerist on stage in 1837, was intrigued by what he saw, and made plans to investigate the anesthetic properties of mesmerism from his hospital post at University College London.
Who is W.S. Ward?
The English surgeon, who performed a leg amputation on a mesmerized patient and reported to the Royal Medical Society that the patient experienced no pain.
Who was James Esdaile?
a Scottish physician practicing in India, were similarly dismissed. Esdaile trained his assistants to mesmerize patients before their operations and became the first person to use mesmeric anesthesia on a large scale and tabulate his results.
Who was James Braid?
a more effective step toward respectability was taken by the Scottish Physician, who had been impressed after a traveling mesmerist let him personally examine an entranced subject.
What did James Braid first define?
hypnotism as the practice of inducing a mesmeric trance, and it has been the standard term in English ever since.
Who was the so-called Nancy School of hypnotism began with a modest country doctor?
Ambroise Auguste Liebeault
Who is Hippolyte Bernheim?
a younger and more ambitious doctor from Nancy. He visited the hypnosis clinic and was so impressed that he returned repeatedly to learn the older doctor’s methods.
What was suggestibility?
his most important conclusion was that all people vary on a general trait of suggestibility, which he defended as “the aptitude to transform an idea into an act.”
What was Bernheim’s 1886 book?
De la Suggestion et de ses Applications a la Thérapeutique (On Suggestion and its Therapeutic applications).
What is Jean-Martin Charcot?
the famous director of Paris’s Salpetriere Hospital
What had Charcot establish as a reputation?
as a master clinician, conducting or directing important work on epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, poliomyelitis, and other organic diseases.
Why did Charcot popularity peak in the 1880s?
after he turned his attention to hysteria, an ‘unfashionable’ condition that most other physicians dismissed as unworthy of serious study.
What were the wide variety of symptoms for hysterical patients?
that superficially resembled the effects of organic neurological disorders: paralyses, memory losses, convulsions and fits of violent emotion, for example.
What is the classical grand mal?
its an epileptic seizure occurs in three stages, beginning with an aura, a characteristic sensation that signals the onset of an attack; followed by a tonic phase, in which the body goes rigid and the patient falls (hence the ancient designation of epilepsy as “the falling sickness”); and culminating in a clonic phase, in which the body convulses spasmodically.
What is petit mal?
seizures consisted only of inexplicable brief “spells” or fainting sensations.
What is the grande hysterie and grand hypnotisme?
Charcot believed these patients manifested the pure forms of the. conditions, and that they were worthy of particularly intensive study.
Who is Blanche Wittman?
One attractive young woman, earned the nickname Queen of the Hysterics with her dramatic performances.
Who is Alfred Binet?
One of the assistants who worked intensively with Wit (as Wittmann was called in Charcot’s published reports). This wealthy young man had an avid interest but not formal education in psychology, and he had come to the Salpetriere to learn from the master.
Who is Joseph Delboeuf?
A belgian physiologist, visited the Salpetriere to see things for himself. He later published a vivid portrait of Binet and Fere’s interaction with “the placid and ‘appetizing’ Alsacienne Wit… not only wearing a complacent look, but finding visible pleasure in getting ready to do anything that should be asked for her.”
Who is Gustave Le Bon?
Following the wide publicity of the Nancy-Salpetriere controversy, some striking similarities between the irrational behaviour of hypnotized subjects and that of people in crowds were noted by the energetic and ambitious.
What was his book in 1895?
La Psychologie des Foules (The psychology of Crowds, but translated into English as simply The Crowd).
What are the three techniques that were applied by leaders to increase their influence on hypnotists?
First is simple affirmation; effective leaders always accentuate the positive about their causes, denying opportunity for doubt and avoiding complicated reasoning. Simple slogans that can be shouted in unison, are easy to remember, and are direct in their appeals to action and belief are the typical tools of a crowd leader. Second is constant repetition of the affirmations; as the slogans get repeated over and over, they finally become part of the followers’ unconscious ideas. Third is social contagion; effective leaders make sure that a few enthusiastic supporters of their causes are planted in audiences beforehand, to start a favourable current of opinion that spreads through the crowd by social contagion.
What was The Crowd?
the crowd was politically biased, unscholarly, and often sensationalistic in tone, but it did address many fundamental social psychological issues that had arisen in the previous century: the power of social influence and suggestion, the qualities and techniques of leaders who exert such influence, the complementary characteristics of the people influenced, the characteristics of crowds, and the behavior of individuals who are members of groups or crowds.
Who was Victor Henri?
From his position as the unpaid director of a new psychology lab at the Sorbonne in Paris, in 1894 Binet collaborated with his student Victor Henri on the first published study of that kind.
What test did they invent for visual memory for schoolchildren?
in which subjects were briefly shown a single straight line and were then asked to choose the one of its same length from a pair of unequal lines.
Who was Norman Triplett?
An American psychologist who was both an avid bicyclist and an investigator of motor development in children.
Where did Triplett publish his research in 1898?
Hall’s American Journal of Psychology has been described as the first published, English-language study in experimental social psychology.
Who was Floyd H. Allport?
was the elder of two brothers whose Harvard Ph.D dissertations became landmarks in the establishment of new sub disciplines in psychology.
Who was Morton Prince?
A prominent Boston neurologist who had become interested in the European work on hypnosis and its association with psychopathology.
What did Prince found?
in 1906 Prince had founded the Journal of Abnormal Psychology - the first American periodical specifically devoted to that subject - and in 1921 invited Allport to become his co-editor.
What was Allport’s first successful textbook?
titled Social Psychology
What was group fallacy?
Allport asserted that social psychology should focus exclusively on objectively observable responses made by individual subjects in specifiable social situations. In doing so, he strenuously rejected what he called the group fallacy - the notion that people in groups or crowds can collectively create and be influenced by a “group mind,” that is, a super ordinate entity that is more than just the sum of their individual reactions.
Who is John Dashiell?
observed that although the basic formats had been established for several kinds of experiments on social influence, none of them had yet been fully exploited.
Who was Solomon Asch?
Emigrated to the US as a teenager. He studied at City College in New York and then Columbia University under Wertheimer, and finally joined the faculty of Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, where he became a colleague of Kohler.
What is social conformity?
The atrocities of the Holocaust, in which ordinary people had seemingly obeyed orders to commit horrific acts, along with the compliance of German citizens with government rules during the Nazi regime, showed that the tendency to conform was not confined to atypical individuals but was perhaps a universal inclination influenced by powerful situational factors. Social scientists and philosophers began to wonder about the social conditions affecting conformity and obedience, and they began to study the phenomenon of social conformity.
What was described as an experiment in “visual judgment?”
The visual task harkened back to Binet (although Asch for some reason failed to credit him). The subjects first looked at a card with a single “standard” line on it and then at another card with three lines, only one of which was the same length as the standard.
Who is Leon Festinger?
did his early graduate work with Lewin at Iowa and then followed his mentor to the Massachussetts Institute of Technology, where he became an important member of Lewin’s group dynamics research institute.
What is cognitive dissonance?
there he conducted his most famous research on what he called cognitive dissonance, a subject that merged experimental social psychology with the growing interest among psychologists in cognitive processes such as thinking, reasoning, and believing.
What was the 1956 book Festinger and his research team wrote?
they reported their firsthand observations of how the group behaved when the predicted disaster failed to happen in their classic book, When Prophecy Fails.
Who was Stanley Milgram?
Asch spent the 1955-1956 academic year as a visiting lecturer at Harvard, where the young graduate student was assigned to assist him. Milgram was inspired to develop several refinements to Asch’s experimental procedures, which became the basis of his Ph.D. dissertation research.
What book did Adolf Eichmann write?
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil.
What is the Milgram obedience studies?
it marked the apex of a long series of demonstrations of the power of certain situations to profoundly influence the social behavior of individuals, causing them to behave quite differently than if left on their own.
What was the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Conducted by Milgram’s friend Philip Zimbardo. In this study, twenty-four Stanford undergraduates, selected for their psychological “normality,” were randomly assigned to play the roles of either prisoners or guards and live in a mock prison.
What is informed consent?
The major result of this debate - and the concern over the ethics of human subject research in general - was the eventual requirement across the sciences and medicine that all subjects in institutionally sponsored research must give their informed consent before participating; that is, they must be told about the actual purposes and procedures of the experiment, and give their consent before proceeding.
What is the small world phenomenon?
it was the origin for the common assertion that any two people in the world are interconnected by no more than ‘six degrees of separation’ (if one knows how to identify them).
Who is Elizabeth Loftus?
began investigating memory in the 1970s. In the first of what would become a long series of influential studies, she and a colleague demonstrated that when subjects viewed a short film of a car accident, their estimate of the speed at which the cars were travelling was significantly higher when the word smashed was used to describe the accident than when the word collided, bumped, or hit was used.
What is false memories?
As part of her research, she and Pickrell conducted an experiment in which they showed how false memories, or memories for events that had not occurred, could be deliberately created.
