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Exercise Physiology > Chapter 16: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are structural function of bone? physiological functions?

A

support/ locomotion/ protection
Hematopoiesis (site for blood cell formation)
immune function (white blood cells)
storage house of Ca2+, phosphate allow nerve conduction, heart/muscle contraction, energy formation, blood clotting

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2
Q

What are types of bone in body?

A

axial (skull, vertebrae columns, rib cages) and appendicular (hands, hip, legs - extremities)

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3
Q

What is bone tissue?

A

Osseous tissue

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4
Q

Bone Remodeling?

A

the continual breakdown of bone tissue (resorption) and new deposit of bone (formation)

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5
Q

What cause the decrease (-) / increase (+) in bone formation?

A 
mechanical loading (+)
PTH, Vitamin D (+)
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6
Q

What cause the decrease (-) / increase (+) in bone resorption?

A

Disuse of bone (+)
Estrogen (-)
Vit D, PTH (+)

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7
Q

What cause the increase in calcium ingestion and absortion?

A

Vit D, PTH, Estrogen

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8
Q

What cause calcium filtration/ reabsorption of kidney pathway

A 
calcium filtration: vitamin D synthesis
calcium reabsorption (+) PTH and estrogen
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9
Q

What is the unit of bone? What does it have

A

Osteon (arteries and veins)

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10
Q

What are bone tissue types?

A

cortical and trabecular

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11
Q

Characteristic of cortical

A

compact, dense, lamelae network surrounded by cell

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12
Q

characteristic of trabecular bone tissue

A

spongy, porous, latticelike network

easily fractured and models more rapidly due to large surface area

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13
Q

What type of tissue bone has the greatest loss of BMD?

A

trabecular bone tissues

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14
Q

What type of bone tissue does axial bones most? appendicular bone?

A

trabecular

cortical

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15
Q

What are type of growth in bone?

A

appositional: growth in mass (thickness)
longitudinal: growth occurs at epiphyseal until adult stature

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16
Q

What is bone modeling? How does this occur?

A

the process of altering shape of bone via the bone resorption and formation
due to injuries, break

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17
Q

What are the bone cells types?

A

osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocytes

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18
Q

What does the osteoblast do?

A

bone resorption, secrete enzymes that degrade bone matrix

19
Q

What does the osteoclast do?

A

bone formation, produce organic matrix, calcifies and hardens as minerals deposited

20
Q

What is osteocyte? What does it do?

A

the mature osteoblasts, covered by the calcified bone

regulate process of remodeling

21
Q

What are the purposes of remodeling bone?

A

turnover, maintenance, repair, replacement

22
Q

What is osteoid?

A

the uncalcified matrix that secreted by osteoblast

23
Q

Is there evidence that young athlete has greater bone growth than sedentary youngsters?

A

NO

24
Q

what are mechanical factors influence BMD?

A

Gravity and physical activities (weight-bearing exercises)

25
Q

What are the measurement techniques for BMD? Which one is better?

A

DEXA and QCT

QCT

26
Q

What is the best about QCT?

A

It separates cortical and trabecular bone
No error for spine degenerative or aortic calcification
Give info about bone morphometry
provide true volume density unit mg/cc

27
Q

What is good about DEXA?

A

low dose of radiation and price

28
Q

What are the factors of bone development?

A

nutrition, genetics, hormones, physical activities

29
Q

what is minimal effect strain?

A

the minimal stress exercise on bone that allow BMD increase

30
Q

when astronaut land on earth (with gravity) which cell of bone are most active?

A

osteoclasts

31
Q

How many % an healthy adult recycle their bone mass?

A

5-7%

32
Q

What bone is suited for physiological function? why?

A

trabecular because they are easiest broken down and released to blood

33
Q

what is osteoporosis? What population it affect most? Where does injury occur most in osteoporosis

A

the disease in which bone become more fragile and easily fractured
woman
wrist, spine and hip

34
Q

What race has more risks of osteoporosis?

A

black

35
Q

How many times woman has more risks of osteoporosis than man?

A

4 times

36
Q

What nutritional factors that cause the risk of osteoporosis?

A

Calcium
Alcohol increase risk
Protein intake cause loss of Ca2+ in urine

37
Q

Is static resisting exercise better than dynamic exercise in maintain health bone?

A

No, dynamic exercise is better

38
Q

How is the rate of bone loss between woman and man?

A

they are the same although man has more bone mass than man

39
Q

How is BMD affected in female athlete?

A

Decreased Ca2+ level due to low energy availability

40
Q

What does lower energy availability in female athlete led to?

A

skeletal demineralization

dysfunction menopause

41
Q

What does stress fracture happen?

A

when stress reactions not occur to repair degeneration of joint capsule

42
Q

What is the physiological change in amenorrhea that affect BMD?

A

hormones (estrogen) deficiency

43
Q

How is microtrauma and macrotrauma different?

A

in length of recovery but mechanism is the same

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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