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nutrition 237 > chapter 16 - pregnancy, lactation, infants > Flashcards

chapter 16 - pregnancy, lactation, infants Flashcards

1
Q

full-term gestation

A

gestational period lasting 38-42 weeks

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2
Q

pre-term

A

birth prior to 37 weeks gestation

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3
Q

LBW

A

low birth weight = under 5.5 lbs

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4
Q

small for gestational age

A

infants that weigh less than expected for their gestational age

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5
Q

gestation

A

begins when sperm & egg unite

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6
Q

embryonic & fetal development

A

zygote = conception to 2 weeks

embryo = 2 weeks to 8 weeks

fetus = 9 weeks to birth (period of very rapid development)

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7
Q

critical periods of development

A

limited windows of opportunity for a tissue or organ to develop

most of these are during the embryonic stage

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8
Q

zygote nourishment

A

nourishes itself by absorbing secretions from glands in the uterus

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9
Q

placenta formation

A

forms in uterus as the zygote develops into an embryo

umbilical cord provides connection from placenta to fetus

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10
Q

placenta function

A

placenta is a living organ that:
- synthesizes fatty acids, cholesterol, & glycogen for fetus
- produces hormones which direct nutrients to fetus, control fetal metabolism, & promote changes in mom’s body to support pregnancy

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11
Q

importance of nutrition in pregnancy

A
  • ensures appropriate fetal growth
  • improves likelihood of full-term development
  • increases mental, physical, & physiological capabilities
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12
Q

calories’ effects on pregnancy

A

deficiency = slow growth, low birth weight
excess = delivery complications, high birth weight

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13
Q

energy needs during pregnancy

A

needs additional kcal & nutrients for:
- fetal & placental growth
- maternal stores
- increased maternal metabolism

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14
Q

energy requirements by trimester

A

1st trimester EER + 0 kcal
2nd trimester EER + 340 kcal
3rd trimester EER + 452 kcal

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15
Q

nutrients of concern

A
  1. protein
  2. EAAs
  3. zinc
  4. folate
  5. B12
  6. iron
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16
Q

folate deficiency risk in pregnancy

A

folate deficiency = neural tube defects

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17
Q

pregnancy weight gain

A

for underweight people: 28-40 lbs
for normal people: 25-35 lbs
for overweight people: 15-25 lbs
for obese people: 11-20 lbs

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18
Q

obese pregnancy risks for baby

A

increased risk of:
- birth defects (neural tube defects, oral clefts)
- being stillborn/dying first few weeks after birth
- having high birth weight
- childhood obesity

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19
Q

obese pregnancy risks for mom

A

increased risk of:
- high blood pressure
- gestational diabetes
- cesarean delivery

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20
Q

underweight pregnancy risks for baby

A

increased risk of:
- low birth weight
- premature birth
- lower nutrient stores

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21
Q

factors that complicate pregnancy outcomes

A
  • young mom
  • mom’s eating patterns (restriction, vegetarian/vegan, EDs)
  • mom’s health (# of pregnancies, time between pregnancies, gestational diabetes)
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22
Q

pregnancy-induced hypertension risks

A

impairs delivery of oxygen & nutrients to fetus

can lead to preeclampsia (edema, headaches, blurred vision) & eclampsia (coma, death of mom & fetus)

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23
Q

gestational diabetes

A

occurs in 9% of pregnancies, more common in those with family history

increased risks:
- infant is too large
- infant has low glucose levels at birth
- obesity later in life for infant
- mom & baby develop T2DM later in life

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24
Q

sociocultural factors for inadequate diet in mom

A

limited income, limited education, lack of social support

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25
nutrition-related physiological concerns in pregnancy
physical & hormonal changes can cause: - heartburn - constipation - nausea & vomiting - edema
26
foods to limit in pregnancy
- environmental contaminants (mercury in fish) - foodborne pathogens - caffeine (limit to 200mg/day = 2 cups coffee or 3 sodas) - food additives
27
foods to completely avoid in pregnancy
- drugs & alcohol - herbal teas - smoking
28
FAS
fetal alcohol syndrome - smaller-than-normal head circumference - reduced size of eye opening - thin upper lip
29
pregnancy & physical activity guidelines
physical activity carries minimal risks and benefits most pregnant women to measure exertion, use perceived exertion (talk test) instead of HR
30
lactation
physiological process in female mammals where postpartum mom's breast secretes milk
31
let-down reflex
suckling stimulates nerves in nipple/areola that travel to hypothalamus brain releases oxytocin & prolactin oxytocin stimulates lobules in breast to release milk, prolactin stimulates additional milk production
32
colostrum
thin, yellow, early ('immature') breast milk less lactose & calories
33
colostrum contains
rich in protein, minerals, vit A contains antibodies & immune system cells lactobacillus bifidus factor
34
transitional milk
breast milk from a few days post-delivery to 1 week contains more fat, lactose, water-soluble vitamins, and calories than colostrum
35
mature milk
replaces transitional milk, thin & watery 20 calories/oz nutritionally complete for infant EXCEPT Vit D & iron
36
food needs during lactation
500 calories above pre-pregnancy requirements (300 of these calories come from food sources, 200 come from fat stores) the 500 calories vary depending on BMI & length of breastfeeding
37
fluid needs during lactation
additional 32 oz of fluid each day fluid = main component of breast milk
38
nutrient needs during lactation
iron needs decrease insufficient calcium consumption = common
39
peak growth during infancy
this is the period when nutrient needs per unit of body weight are the highest baby = double their birth weight by 2-6 months, triple their birth weight by 1 year old
40
tracking infant growth
spurts & lags are normal head circumference is measured to assess brain growth
41
indicators of development problems
birth to 2 years: head circumference < 5th percentile or >95th percentile
42
indicators of stunted growth
birth to 2 years: length < 5th percentile 2 to 20 years: BMI <5th percentile
43
indicators of underweight
birth to 2 years: weight < 5th percentile 2 to 20 years: BMI <5th percentile
44
indicators of overweight
birth to 2 years: weight > 95th percentile 2 to 20 years: BMI >85th percentile and <95th percentile
45
indicators of obesity
2 to 20 years: BMI > 95th percentile or BMI >30 (whichever is smaller)
46
infant energy needs
infants have the greatest pound-for-pound need BMR increases from birth to age 2 (by the pound, infant needs are 2-4x greater than adults) rises slowly until puberty (large increase) & 30 (then declines)
47
children protein needs
infants: 1.5g protein /kg per day children/adolescents: 1.1g protein /kg -er day (20-40% greater than adult needs per pound)
48
children fat needs
infants: fats = 40-55% of calories - meet energy requirements without being overfull children over 2 = same recommendations as adults
49
children carb needs
infants: primarily lactose recommendations = the same across age groups fiber is always important (AI = 14g/1,000 kcal for children less than 1 year old)
50
baby water needs
needs = met by breastmilk or formula water intoxication = low requirement, limit supplemental fluids to 4 oz/day
51
nutrients of concern for children
- iron - potassium - calcium - fluoride - zinc - folate - Vit D - Vit K
52
Infant feeding practices
human milk and/or formula meet all requirements until 6 months old
53
breastmilk benefits
most ideal source of nutrients composition & bioavailability = engineered to meet infant requirements contains: - antibodies - hormones - immune factors - growth factors - enzymes
54
infant formulas
iron-fortified formulas are safe, nutritious alternatives - attempt to match breastmilk as closely as possible
55
introduction of solid foods
infants must show signs of interest (watches spoon, able to self-support head, able to close mouth over spoon) there is no benefit to early introduction of solid food
56
solid foods nutrition
nutrient needs = increased bc breastmilk is depleted & insufficient for growth iron-containing foods = important (pureed meats, iron-fortified infant cereals)
57
solid food introduction sequence
introduce 1 single food ingredient at a time & wait 5-7 days before adding a new food Iron & Vit C = first nutrients required first foods = protein-rich with iron & Vit C (pureed meat, fish, chicken, beans, egg yolk, tofu) avoid egg whites & cow's milk (when cow's milk is introduced, use whole milk until 2 years old, then 2% after that) introduce lumpy foods when teeth appear
58
weaning
should be weaned from bottle by 18 months to prevent overconsumption of beverages & dental caries
59
self-feeding timetable
starts in late infancy & continues to develop until preschool years - by age 1, drink from cup - by age 2, lift, tilt, & lower cup, and use spoon - by ages 3-4, use fork - by ages 4-5, use knife
60
division of responsibility in feeding
infants: parents = responsible for what, infants = responsible for how much solid food: parents = responsible for what, when, & where toddlers through adolescents: parents = responsible for what, when, & where; child = responsible for whether & how much

nutrition 237 (7 decks)

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