chapter 14 - water

Question 1

water

Answer 1

simple compound that isn’t digested, just absorbed by GI tract
- inorganic (no carbon)
- only nutrient that’s absorbed in the stomach

Question 2

water sources

Answer 2

• food (fruit, veg, meat)
• beverages
• made in the body as a byproduct of metabolism

Question 3

body water composition

Answer 3

body = 50-75% water

lean muscle holds 75% of the water
fat tissue holds 25%

total of 40 liters inside body

Question 4

intracellular water

Answer 4

fluid found INSIDE the cells

25/40 (63%) liters of water in the body (it’s in EVERY type of cell, including blood, bone, muscle, etc)

Question 5

extracellular water

Answer 5

2 types:
interstitial fluid = surrounds cells (11 liters)
intravascular fluid = in the blood (4 liters)

total: 15/40 liters of water in the body

Question 6

electrolytes

Answer 6

minerals that separate into ions & can therefore conduct ELECTRICAL CURRENTS (carry a charge)

found in both intracellular & extracellular fluids

Question 7

electrolyte function

Answer 7

maintain fluid balance between intracellular & extracellular environment

Question 8

electrolytes and water

Answer 8

as protein transporters move electrolytes in and out of cells, water FOLLOWS electrolytes

Question 9

intra- & extracellular anions & cations

Answer 9

intracellular anion: phosphorous/phosphate
intracellular cations: potassium & magnesium
extracellular anions: chloride & bicarbonate
extracellular cations: sodium & calcium

Question 10

water 9 functions

Answer 10

1. solvent (dissolves substances)
2. component of blood, saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, & joint fluid
3. removes waste
4. lubricates tissues
5. regulates body temp
6. helps digestion
7. participates in chemical reactions
8. maintain blood pH
9. transport substances

Question 11

water input

Answer 11

1. drinking it (8 cups)
2. food (2 cups)
3. metabolism (1.25 cups)

Question 12

water output

Answer 12

• urine
• feces
• sweat
• breath

Question 13

hormones & enzymes that regulate fluid balance

Answer 13

• ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
• renin
• aldosterone

Question 14

ADH

Answer 14

antidiuretic HORMONE: released by pituitary gland

helps kidneys retain water –> regulates fluid balance

Question 15

renin

Answer 15

ENZYME released by kidney

activates angiotensinogen –> regulates fluid balance

Question 16

aldosterone

Answer 16

HORMONE released from adrenal gland (on top of kidneys)

helps kidneys retain sodium, chloride, & water –> regulates fluid balance

Question 17

Water AI

Answer 17

15 cups/day = men
11 cups/day = women

Question 18

other beverages & fluid needs

Answer 18

other beverages CAN be used to meet fluid needs, but consider:

1. calorie content
2. micronutrient (vit, minerals) content
3. caffeine content
4. alcohol content

Question 19

dehydration definition & risk factors

Answer 19

fluid intake < fluid loss

risk factors:
1. illness
2. heavy exercise
3. hot/dry environment
4. high altitude

Question 20

thirst mechanism hindered by

Answer 20

1. intense exercise
2. illness
3. infancy
4. old age

Question 21

dehydration symptoms

Answer 21

• thirst
• loss of appetite
• nausea
• dizziness
• headache
• delirium
• swollen tongue
• failing kidney function

Question 22

water intoxication

Answer 22

condition from too much water being consumed in a short period OR kidneys having difficulty filtering water from blood

Question 23

water intoxication symptoms

Answer 23

• headache
• blurred vision
• muscle cramps, convulsions
• ultimately: death due to brain swelling

Question 24

hyponatremia

Answer 24

water intoxication (excess water consumed) dilutes sodium concentration in blood –> low blood sodium