chapter 14 - water

Question 1

water

Answer 1

simple compound that doesn’t need to be digested
1. easily absorbed by GI tract
2. obtained from beverages & foods (fruit, veg, meats)
3. made by the body as a result of metabolism

Question 2

body composition

Answer 2

body = 50-75% water

lean muscle holds 75% of the water
fat tissue holds 25%

Question 3

intracellular water

Answer 3

fluid found INSIDE the cells

25/40 liters of water in the body (in EVERY type of cell, including blood, bone, muscle, etc)

Question 4

extracellular water

Answer 4

fluid that SURROUNDS cells or is in the blood

11/40 liters = interstitial (fluid between cells, GI fluid, tears, etc)
4/40 liters = intravascular (blood)

Question 5

electrolytes

Answer 5

compounds that separate into ions & can therefore conduct ELECTRICAL CURRENTS

found in both intracellular & extracellular fluids

Question 6

electrolyte function

Answer 6

maintain fluid balance between intracellular & extracellular environment

1. electrolytes dissociate in water to form IONS
2. protein transporters move electrolytes ACROSS cell membranes (in & out of cells)
3. water FOLLOWS electrolytes

Question 7

intracellular cat-ions

Answer 7

potassium & magnesium

Question 8

intracellular an-ions

Answer 8

phosphate & sulfate

Question 9

extracellular cat-ions

Answer 9

sodium & calcium

Question 10

extracellular an-ions

Answer 10

chloride & bicarbonate

Question 11

water functions

Answer 11

1. solvent (dissolves substances)
2. component of blood, saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, & joint fluid
3. removes waste
4. lubricates tissues
5. regulates body temp
6. helps digestion
7. participates in chemical reactions
8. maintain blood pH
9. transport substances

Question 12

water input

Answer 12

1. drinking it (8 cups)
2. food (2 cups)
3. metabolism (1.25 cups)

Question 13

water output

Answer 13

sensible losses:
1. urine (6.75 cups)

insensible losses:
1. sweat (3 cups)
2. breath (1.25 cups)
3. feces (0.4 cup)

Question 14

ADH

Answer 14

antidiuretic hormone: released by pituitary gland

helps kidneys retain water –> regulates fluid balance

Question 15

renin

Answer 15

enzyme released by kidney

activates angiotensinogen –> regulates fluid balance

Question 16

aldosterone

Answer 16

hormone released from adrenal gland (on top of kidneys)

helps kidneys retain sodium, chloride, & water –> regulates fluid balance

Question 17

Water AI

Answer 17

15 cups/day = men
11 cups/day = women

Question 18

other beverages & fluid needs

Answer 18

other beverages CAN be used to meet fluid needs, but consider:

1. calorie content
2. micronutrient (vit, minerals) content
3. caffeine content
4. alcohol content

Question 19

dehydration def & risk factors

Answer 19

fluid intake < fluid loss

risk factors:
1. illness
2. heavy exercise
3. hot/dry environment
4. high altitude

Question 20

thirst mechanism reliability

Answer 20

hindered by:
1. intense exercise
2. illness
3. infancy
4. old age

Question 21

dehydration symptoms

Answer 21

bodyweight loss:
1% –> thirst
2% –> strong thirst, loss of appetite
4% –> less movement, nausea, apathy
6% –> tingling, headache, dizziness, increased temp, pulse, breathing rate)
8% –> labored breathing, blue skin, mental confusion
10% –> muscle cramps, delirium, kidneys failing
>10% –> risk of death

Question 22

water intoxication

Answer 22

condition from too much water being consumed in a short period OR kidneys having difficulty filtering water from blood

too much water dilutes blood sodium –> hyponatremia

symptoms

Question 23

hyponatremia

Answer 23

water intoxication (excess water consumed) dilutes sodium concentration in blood –> low blood sodium

Question 24

water intoxication symptoms

Answer 24

headache, blurred vision, muscle cramps, convulsions

ultimately: death due to brain swelling