chapter 10 - weight, eating disorders

Question 1

malnutrition

Answer 1

can be OVERnutrition or UNDERnutrition
- contributes to failing health
- can happen even if overweight/obese

Question 2

factors influencing body weight & composition

Answer 2

genetics & environment

Question 3

set-point theory

Answer 3

genetically predetermined body weight/fat content

doesn’t effectively explain obesity epidemic

Question 4

settling point

Answer 4

passive feedback between the size of body stores and aspects of expenditure

settle into a certain, stable weight based on circumstances

Question 5

factors that encourage body fat/obesity

Answer 5

• aging
• female gender
• high-calorie diet
• sedentary activity level
• weight history
• social factors
• medications
• geographic location
• genetics

Question 6

limited fat stores: diseases/disorders

Answer 6

caused by:
- anorexia nervosa
- Marfan syndrome

Question 7

obesity: diseases/disorders

Answer 7

• brain tumors
• ovarian cysts
• hypothyroidism
• Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 8

treatment for underweight, overweight, obesity

Answer 8

long-term lifestyle modifications

(diets only cause weight cycling)

Question 9

key features of a GOOD weight loss program

Answer 9

1. control energy intake (lose 1-2 lbs/week)
2. perform regular physical activity
3. behavior modification (maintenance of healthy lifestyle)

Question 10

weight loss feature 1

Answer 10

control energy intake:
- eat low-density foods
- eat breakfast

Question 11

weight loss feature 2

Answer 11

regular physical activity
- expend 100-300 cal/day above normal activity
- duration & regularity
- enjoyable activities

Question 12

weight loss feature 3

Answer 12

behavior modiciation
- chain-breaking
- stimulus control
- cognitive restructuring
- contingency management
- self-monitoring

Question 13

chain-breaking

Answer 13

try to separate behaviors that occur together (boredom > eating > guilt > more eating)

Question 14

stimulus control

Answer 14

alter the environment to minimize stimuli for eating

Question 15

cognitive restructuring

Answer 15

change frame of mind regarding eating

Question 16

contingency management

Answer 16

prepare for situations that can trigger overeating

Question 17

self-monitoring

Answer 17

• track your food
• track when you eat, why you eat, how you feel
• track exercise
• track weight

Question 18

fad diet

Answer 18

unhealthy, unrealistic eating plan

monotonous and/or restrictive

may cause immediate, dramatic weight loss but this RARELY lasts

Question 19

intermittent fasting

Answer 19

eating pattern with extended periods of time with little to no food intake (16-48 hours)

Question 20

periodic fasting

Answer 20

fasting lasting from 2 to 21 days

Question 21

non-diet approach

Answer 21

recognizes that media, the diet industry, and some doctors encourage an unhealthy preoccupation with weight/size
- highlights diversity, self-esteem, body image

Question 22

diet detriments

Answer 22

• low rates of sustained weight loss
• low compliance
• eating disorder prevalence
• dangers with many weight loss methods

Question 23

non-diet principles

Answer 23

1. respect others’ bodies even if they’re different from ours
2. each person is only responsible for their own body
3. good health is defined by physical, mental, and social well-being, not by body size
4. people of all shapes & sizes can reduce risk of poor health by adopting a healthy lifestyle

Question 24

non-diet approach to weight management

Answer 24

• best treatment for obesity = prevention
• steady weight loss instead of fast weight loss

Question 25

recommendations to achieve healthy weight loss

Answer 25

- STEADY weight loss: 0.5 to 2 lbs/week for first 6 months - the next six months = maintaining the loss - 5-10% weight loss

Question 26

5-10% weight loss benefits

Answer 26

- decrease BP, total cholesterol, LDL, TG, insulin resistance - increase HDL - decrease risk of some cancers - decrease arthritis pain (hip, leg)

Question 27

most common EDs

Answer 27

- anorexia - binge-eating (this one is the MOST common) - bulimia

Question 28

anorexia presentation

Answer 28

weight loss, distorted body image dry/brittle nails, thin hair, discolored teeth, dry skin may involve severe restriction, compulsive exercise, purging and/or binge-eating

Question 29

anorexia treatment

Answer 29

multidisciplinary teams: physicians, dietitians, psychologists ideal setting = medical center sudden death can be caused by electrolyte imbalances and cardiac arrest

Question 30

bulimia presentation

Answer 30

cycle of bingeing & compensatory behaviors - bingeing = triggered by dieting, stress, boredom, loneliness, depression - food = not enjoyed or tasted - turn toward food when faced with problems - at or above normal weight

Question 31

bulimia physical effects

Answer 31

- demineralization of teeth - low potassium - swelled salivary glands - stomach ulcers - teared espophagus - constipation

Question 32

bulimia treatment

Answer 32

- nutrition therapy = develop regular eating habits without restriction, correct misconceptions about food - psychological therapy = improve self-acceptance, correct all-or-none thinking

Question 33

binge-eating disorder presentation

Answer 33

- eat large amounts of food frequently, rapidly, alone, until uncomfortably full - not necessarily obese - often triggered by stress, depression, anxiety

Question 34

binge-eating disorder treatment

Answer 34

- health risks come from obesity, weight stigma, weight cycling - treatment = usually requires professional help - nutrition therapy = same as with bulimina - psychological therapy = identify/express emotions - self-help groups

Question 35

protein-energy malnutrition

Answer 35

- deficiency in both protein & kcal (these usually coincide) - serious public health concern in developing areas (stunted growth & immune function)

Question 36

kwashiorkor

Answer 36

severe protein deficit characterized by mild/moderate weight loss, edema, growth impairment, fatty liver

Question 37

marasmus

Answer 37

severe energy AND protein deficit characterized by severe weight loss, severe growth impairment develops gradually

Question 38

etiology-based nutrition diagnoses

Answer 38

1. starvation-related malnutrition 2. chronic disease-related malnutrition 3. marked inflammatory response

Question 39

starvation-related malnutrition

Answer 39

- no inflammation - pure chronic starvation, anorexia

Question 40

chronic disease-related malnutrition

Answer 40

- mild to moderate inflammation - organ failure, pancreatic cancer, sarcopenic obesity

Question 41

acute-disease or injury-related malnutrition

Answer 41

- severe inflammation - major infection, burns, trauma