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nutrition 237 > chapter 15 - trace minerals > Flashcards

chapter 15 - trace minerals Flashcards

1
Q

trace mineral definition

A

required in amounts under 100mg

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2
Q

iron types

A
  1. heme: a protein, found in meat
  2. non-heme: found in both meat & plants
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3
Q

heme iron absorption

A

easily absorbed
transferrin transports iron into bloodstream

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4
Q

non-heme iron absorption

A

only absorbed when body LACKS iron
converted to heme iron before being picked up by transferrin

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5
Q

ferritin

A

transport protein that helps the body absorb iron by transporting it to the bloodstream

it is made OUT OF iron only when the body has enough iron

when ferritin is being made, it blocks more iron from being absorbed

MOST iron in body = hemoglobin, NOT ferritin

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6
Q

iron bioavailability

A

heme = readily absorbed

non-heme = limited absorption
- enhanced by MFP factor and Vit C
- inhibited by phytates and tannins

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7
Q

things that enhance iron absorption

A
  1. vitamin C
  2. heme iron
  3. leavening bread
  4. fermentation
  5. soaking beans or grains
  6. cast-iron pans
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8
Q

things that inhibit iron absorption

A
  1. high calcium with iron-containing food
  2. meds that reduce stomach acidity (antacids)
  3. oxalic acid (from foods like spinach)
  4. phytic acid (from foods like whole grains)
  5. soy protein (from foods like tofu)
  6. polyphenols (from tea)
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9
Q

ferritin

A

major storage form of iron

we use ferritin serum concentrations to assess iron status

stored in the liver, spleen, & bone marrow

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10
Q

transferrin

A

protein that transports iron to the bloodstream

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11
Q

anemia definition

A

condition where number of red blood cells are reduced/altered so they can’t carry enough oxygen

most common health problem in US & the world

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12
Q

anemia causes

A

blood loss

chronic low intake of iron OR low intake during critical periods (puberty, pregnancy)

populations at risk: females, vegans

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13
Q

microcytic anemia

A

anemia that comes from iron deficiency: comes from lack of red blood cells OR red blood cells don’t have enough hemoglobin

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14
Q

microcytic anemia consequences

A

alters:
1. normal growth
2. behavior
3. immune system function
4. energy metabolism

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15
Q

microcytic anemia symptoms

A
  1. fatigue/weakness
  2. shortness of breath
  3. dizziness/headache
  4. coldness in hands & feet
  5. pale skin
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16
Q

hereditary hemochromatosis

A

genetic defect that makes people absorb too much iron

symptoms = fatigue, lack of energy, abdominal pain

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17
Q

zinc sources

A

meat (pork, beef, lamb)
seafood
enriched/fortified cereal
dairy
legumes

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18
Q

things that enhance zinc absorption

A

low zinc intake/zinc deficiency
certain amino acids

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19
Q

things that inhibit zinc absorption

A

excessive intake
phytic acid/fiber (from whole grains)
high nonheme iron intake

20
Q

zinc deficiency consequences

A

delayed growth
delayed sex organ maturation
impaired vit A function
impaired immune function

21
Q

zinc toxicity

A

symptoms/consequences =
diarrhea/cramps
nausea/vomiting
depressed immune system
interference with copper absorption and metabolism

22
Q

iodine functions

A

component of thyroid hormones - maintains thyroid hormone metabolism (BMR)

23
Q

thyroid hormone functions

A

regulates basal energy expenditure & macronutrient metabolism

regulates brain & nervous system development

24
Q

iodine sources

A

iodized salt
animal products
seaweed

25
Q

endemic goiter

A

enlarged thyroid caused by iodine deficiency

26
Q

endemic cretinism

A

impaired development caused by iodine deficiency

27
Q

hypothyroidism

A

low basal metabolic rate

caused by iodine deficiency

28
Q

fluoride unique function

A

development of teeth & bone

29
Q

fluoride sources

A

tea
seafood
fluoridated drinking water
seaweed

30
Q

fluoride deficiency

A

susceptibility to dental caries (cavities)

leads to nutritional problems due to issues with chewing

31
Q

fluorosis

A

fluoride toxicity - causes dark spots on teeth

32
Q

selenium unique function

A

converts thyroid hormone T4 to T3

these hormones help maintain BMR

33
Q

selenium sources

A

meat, eggs
wheat germ
Brazil nuts & sunflower seeds

34
Q

selenium deficiency

A

changes in thyroid hormone metabolism
increased cancer risk
Keshan disease

35
Q

selenosis

A

selenium toxicity - impairs sulfur & protein metabolism

symptoms: nausea, diarrhea, hair loss, fatigue

35
Q

malignant cells

A

cancerous cells:
divide repeatedly & frequently
don’t die
don’t perform their specialized function

35
Q

cancer

A

group of chronic diseases characterized by cells that have MUTATED

35
Q

cancer development & progression

A
  1. repeated damage to an abnormal cell causes it to DIVIDE uncontrollably
  2. abnormal (malignant) cells form a TUMOR
  3. one malignant cell in the tumor becomes INVASIVE
  4. malignant cells BREAK AWAY from tumor and enter circulatory or lymphatic systems (metastasize)
  5. malignant cells form NEW tumors in other parts of the body
  6. tumor stimulates development of its own blood supply, DEPRIVING the rest of the body of nourishment
36
Q

cancer risk factors

A
  1. aging
  2. genes/family history
  3. tobacco use
  4. radiation exposure
  5. exposure to certain environmental substances
  6. certain viral or bacterial infections
  7. elevated levels of certain hormones
  8. consuming alcohol or certain foods
  9. physical inactivity and excess body fat
37
Q

role of diet in cancer development

A

substances in food/beverages that promote cancer:
1. alcohol
2. certain molds that grow on nuts/grains
3. processed/red meats
4. fried, grilled, broiled meats

also: excessive energy intake

38
Q

cancer prevention guidelines

A
  1. eat a variety of veg, fruit, & whole grains
  2. don’t rely on supplements
  3. maintain a healthy weight & be active
  4. don’t drink much alcohol
  5. eat low-salt foods
  6. avoid sugary drinks/processed meat
  7. limit red meat intake
  8. only breastfeed for 6 months
39
Q

iron functions

A
  1. oxygen transport: hemoglobin & myoglobin
  2. energy metabolism
  3. cell division (DNA production)
  4. immune system (makes white blood cells)
  5. nervous system (maintains myelin sheath covering certain nerve cells)
40
Q

zinc functions

A
  1. cofactor for over 300 enzymes
  2. heme synthesis
  3. DNA & RNA synthesis
  4. growth & development, reproduction
  5. bone formation
  6. immune function
  7. antioxidant
41
Q

antioxidant trace minerals

A

zinc & selenium

selenium SPARES Vit E

42
Q

anemia types

A

pernicious anemia = Vit B12 deficiency
macrocytic anemia = Vit B12 & folate deficiency
microcytic anemia = iron deficiency

43
Q

tumor types

A

invasive = spread to other parts of body

malignant = cancerous

nutrition 237 (7 decks)

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