Chapter 16 part 2 Flashcards
Hospital acquired infections or conditions
nosocomial infections
what % of hospital patients acquire some additional condition being in the hospital
5%
8th leading cause of death in the US
nosocomial related
infection after intervention with a physician or surgeon
ex: pneumonia after lung biopsy
iatrogenic
compromised immune system
what makes a patient more susceptible to nosocomial infection
medical personnel
patient flora
hospital environment
blood borne pathogens
nosocomial sources
normal bacteria on and in body
relationship neutral until compromised
patient flora
hospital instruments
fluids
food
air
medicatoins
mildew on walls
invasive procedures
fomites
HBV (Hep B)
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)
blood borne pathogens
how is HBV spread? (most likely)
accidental needle stick
infects the immune system T4 blood cells
renders cells less effective in preventing disease
can lead to AIDS
HIV
Acquired immunodificiency syndrome
AIDS
foley catheter
endotracheal tube
invasive procedures
fomite..can acquire infection from it
urinary tract infection
(UTI)
most common nosocomial infection
mechaniccal
chemical
defenses to protect against infection
both mechanical and chemical defense
skin
skin physical barrier
mechanical defense of skin
sebaccious glands
sweat glands
skin chemical defense
mucous
chemical defense
rich in lysosome
destroys bacterial wall
tears and urine
phagocytes job
after infection has invaded body helps destroy
drug to kill microbe with in the host
chemotherapy
booster shots
immunizations
inhibit growth
tetracycline
static
kill and destroy
penicillian
cidal
induce active immunity
make body produce anti-body
vaccines
issue recommendations for infection control
act internationally
World Health Organization
WHO
US Dept of Health and Human Services
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
establish procedures
Dept of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Helath Admin
OSHA
Enforce procedures
freedom from infection
asepsis
surgical
medical
2 methods of asepsis
prevent microbes before, during and after surgery using sterile technique
surgical asepsis
killing all life forms
if done properly with surgical asepsis infection is zero
sterilization
reduction in number of infectious agents
but not necessarily to zero
medical asepsis
alters the environment for microbes
may or may not remove bacterial endospores
disinfectant
topical disinfectant
antiseptic
stops bacterial growth
bacteriostatic agent
kills bacteria
bacteriocidal agent
ex: chlorine, iodine, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium, ethylene oxide
chlorine
iodine, betadine
hydrogen 3% deep wounds
ammonia
ethylene oxide
bacteriocidal agents
heat
UV light
physical methods of sterilization
most preferred
more rapid
used with pressure
autoclave
heat sterilization
moderate heat
followed by rapid cooling
pasteurization
260nm wave lenght
UV light
more effective: moist or dry (heat) sterilization
moist
mask
gown
gloves
eyewear
faceshields
health care worker barriers
single most important way to prevent spread of infection
hand washing
washing process
both physical and chemical
bacterial soap helps
take 7-8 min to remove transients
easy ones kill off less than 7-8 min
handwashing stats
when do you wash hands
before and after each patient
what do you avoid
splashing
how do you turn water on and off
use foot/knee pedals if available
use towel to turn water off and on
wash so water drips off hands
use gravity
hands below elbows
subungual
under finger nails
procedure when in contact with patients body fluids
gloves
use one handed scoop method
place in sharps container
needle recapping
use bleach solution or hospital grade disinfectant
bio spills
patient wears mask when leaves room
negative pressure iso room
airborne precautions
organism remains suspended in air on aerosol drops or dust
TB
varicella(chickenpox)
rubeola(measles)
airborne transmission
can travel 3 feet before dropping to ground
surgical mask worn
droplet precautions
coughs or sneezes
through mouth contact, nasal mucosa and conjunctiva of eye
droplet transmission
virulent pathogen that spreads through contact with patient or and equipment
remove gloves before leaving room
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
MRSA
impetigo
hep A
C-diff (clostridium difficile)
MRSA examples
