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Perception- Class Notes > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five basic taste qualities?

A

-Salty

-sour

-sweet

-bitter

-Umami

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2
Q

Is the tounge map true?

A

Nope

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3
Q

What are the three components of the chemical senses?

A
  1. Taste:
    -molecules enter mouth and stimulate receptors on the tounge
  2. Olfaction
    -Molecules in the air enter the nose and stimulate receptor neurons in the olfactory muscosa (epithelium) on the roof of the nasal capacity
  3. Flavour:
    Impression we experience from the combination of taste and olfaction (and several other factors)
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4
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

-Birth or neurons
-receptors renew constantly with taste and smell

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5
Q

How often to olfactory receptors replace?

A

5-7 weeks

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6
Q

How often to taste receptors replace?

A

1-2 weeks

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7
Q

How are the chemical senses gatekeepers?

A

Can help us identify what’s good and should be consumed

Can help us identify what’s bad and should be rejected

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8
Q

Things that are bad for us taste/smell ____?

A

Bad/unpleasant

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9
Q

Things that are good for us taste/smell ____?

A

Good/ pleasant

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10
Q

What taste does sodium chloride have?

A

Salty

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11
Q

What taste does hydrochloric acid have?

A

Sour

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12
Q

What taste does sucrose have?

A

sweet

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13
Q

What taste does Quinine have?

A

Bitter

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14
Q

What taste does potassium chloride /KCI have?

A

Salty and bitter

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15
Q

What taste does sodium nitrate / NaNo3 have?

A

Salty, Sour and bitter

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16
Q

What is sweetness associated with?

A

Food with nutritive value

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17
Q

What is bitterness associated with?

A

Foods that are potentially harmful

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18
Q

What is saltiness associated with?

A

Indicates the presence of sodium

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19
Q

What is the filiform?

A

Shaped like cones and located over the entire surface

20
Q

What is the fungiform?

A

Shaped like mushrooms and found on sides and tip

21
Q

What is the foliate?

A

Series of folds on the back and sides

22
Q

What is the circumvilliate?

A

Shaped like flat mounds in a trench located at the back

23
Q

Where are the tastebuds ?

A

In Pillae (bumps)

in tastebuds there are taste cells / receptors

24
Q

How many taste buds does the tongue have?

A

10,000

25
Q

How many taste cells does each taste bud have?

A

50-100

26
Q

When does transduction happen?

A

Chemicals contact the receptor sites on the tips

27
Q

What is the pathway taste cells use

A
  1. Chorda tympani
    Nerve from front and sides of tongue
  2. Glossopharynyeal
    Nerve from back of tongue
  3. Vagus nerve
    From mouth and throat
  4. Superficial peteronasal nerve
    From soft palate
28
Q

What is the pathways to the brain (taste)?

A

Spinal cord, thalamus, areas in frontal lobe (insula, frontal overvulum cortex, orbital frontal cortex)

29
Q

What is population coding?

A

Quality is signaled by the pattern of activity across many neurons.

Shown in an experiment by Erikson that showed population coding with a rats tongue.

30
Q

Experiment on rats and drinking similar liquids:

A

Had rats drink ammonium chloride and get shocked

then have potassium chloride (they’d avoid it cuz too similar)

31
Q

Mice and PTC receptor:

A

Mice dont have

once given

they respond

Shows: specificity coding and how we need certain receptors to sense things

32
Q

What happens when amiloride (blocks flow of sodium to taste receptor) is applied to the tongue?

A

Causes decrease in responding of neurons

33
Q

Explain tasters, non tasters and super tasters and PTC + PROP)

A

Taters: more taste buds and specialized receptors (genetic related)

Super tasters: more sensitive to bitterness

34
Q

What is Macrosmatic (olfaction)?

A

Most animals have a keen sense of smell

35
Q

What is miscrosmatic? (olfaction)

A

Humans, less keen sense of smell

36
Q

How many different smells can we discriminate?

A

1 trillion diff smells (guesstimated)

37
Q

How do we determine the absolute threshold for smell?

  1. yes/no procedure
  2. Forced choice
A
  1. yes/no procedure
    -yes/no to diff odors can have bias
  2. Forced choice
    -Two trials, one with odor and one w/o
    -participant indicated which smells the strongest
38
Q

What determines sensitivity to smell?

A

of olfactory receptors

Humans: 10 million

dogs: 1 billion

39
Q

Humans are good at distinguishing odors! what do we struggle with?

A

Identifying odors (unless very familiar to them)
only successful half the time

40
Q

Why is it hard to map perceptual experience onto physical attributes of odorants ?

A

Some molecules look very similar but v different smell

Some molecules look v different but similar smell

41
Q

Where is the olfactory mucosa?

A

Top of nasal capacity

molecules are carried along the mucosa and contact olfactory receptor neurons (have olfactory receptors)

Humans have 350 types of receptors + each have a protein that crosses the membrane 7 times

42
Q

What does the orbitofrontal cortex do?

A

Flavour

42
Q

How do we identify different odor objects?
(Odors dont mush together and become one big smell)

A
  1. In olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb
    -analyzes the chemicals into neural activity
  2. in olfactory cortex and beyond (amygdala and hippocampus)
    -involves synthesizing
43
Q

Explain an experiment by Rennaker:

A

Isoamyl Acetate caused activation across cortex

44
Q

How does the piriform cortex show learning?

A

After learning a smell the it connects the scattered activation into a pattern
(how we have well known/ familiar smells)

Perception- Class Notes (7 decks)

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