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Perception- Class Notes > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound localization?

A

The ability to identify the location of a sound source in a sound field

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2
Q

What is the precedence effect?

A

When a sound is followed by another sound separated by a short time delay, listeners perceive as a single auditory event.

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3
Q

What is auditory stream analysis?

A

The ability to separate each of the sound sources and sperate them in space.

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4
Q

What is perceptual grouping?

A

Putting parts together into a whole

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5
Q

What is an auditory scene analysis?

A

Figuring out where sounds are coming from within a scene

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6
Q

What is auditory space?

A

Surrounds an observer and exists wherever there is sound.

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7
Q

How do tones with the same frequency activate the cochlea?

A

They activate the cochlea (hair cells) in the same way regardless of where they are coming from.

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8
Q

Explain the three coordinates used by researchers to study how sounds are localized in space:

  1. Azimuth coordinates:
  2. Elevation coordinates:
  3. Distance coordinates:
A
  1. Azimuth coordinates:
    - Position left to right
  2. Elevation coordinates:
    -Elevation coordinates
  3. Distance coordinates:
    - Position from observer
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9
Q

Which two ways can people localize sounds? (And which is accurate and which is not)

A
  1. Directly in front of them most accurately
  2. To the sides and behind their heads least accurately
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10
Q

Are location cues contained in receptor cells (like in the retina)?

A

No, location for sounds must be calculated

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11
Q

What are binaural cues?

A

Location cues based on the comparison of the signals received by the left and right ears.

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12
Q

What is interaural time difference?

A

Difference between the times that sounds reach the two ears.

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13
Q

What happens when the distance to each ear is the same?

A

No difference in time.

When a source is at the side of an observer there will be differences in time.

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14
Q

What is interaural level difference?

A

Difference in sound pressure level reaching the two ears

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15
Q

How do we use sound pressure / intensity for determining location?

A

Reduction in intensity happens in for ear.

Why? head casts an acoustic shadow

*Note: head shadow doesn’t happen for low frequency sounds

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16
Q

What is the cone of confusion?

A

Imaginary cone extending outward from each ear, representing sound source locations that produce interaural differences.

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17
Q

Explain the experiment with interaural level difference and interaural time difference:

(Pinne molds)

A

Have them listen normally

Mold put in pinnae

poor at detecting elevation, fine for Azimuth

Slowly caught up with their original results

Conclusion: different neurons do each set of cues.

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18
Q

What is the Jeffress Neural Coincidence model?

A

Signals from both ears
Both hit a spot and that indicates where the sound is.
(In Inferior colliculus)

ITD detectors: place code

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19
Q

What is coding for localization based on?

A

Broadly tuned neurons

Location of a sound is indicated by relative responses of these two types of broadly tuned neurons.

20
Q

Where do sounds from the left go?

A

The right hemisphere

21
Q

Where do sounds from the right go?

A

The left hemisphere

22
Q

What does area A1 do?

A

Involved in locating sound

23
Q

What does the posterior belt area do?

A

Involved in location sound

24
Q

What does the Anterior belt do?

A

Involved in perceiving sound

25
Q

Where does the what or ventral stream start?

A

Starts in the anterior part of the core and extends to the prefrontal cortex

26
Q

Where does the where or dorsal stream start?

A

Starts in the posterior core and extends to parietal and prefrontal cortices (locate sound)

27
Q

How did we find the ventral and dorsal stream?

A

Found with neural recordings, brain damage, and brain scanning.

28
Q

What is direct sound?

A

Sound that reaches listeners ears straight from the source

29
Q

What is indirect sound?

A

Sound that is reflected off of environmental surfaces and then to the listeners

30
Q

When outside we tend to hear _____ sound.

A

Direct

31
Q

When inside we tend to hear _____ sound.

A

Indirect and direct

32
Q

Explain the experiment with a lead and lag speaker?

(The precedence effect)

A

When sound is from the lead speaker with a long gap then lag.
Listeners hear two sounds

When the delay is 5:20 msec, only hear sound from the lead speaker

33
Q

How is reverberation time used on concert halls?
(too long

too short

and the ideal time)

A

If too long: sound is ‘muddled’

if too short: sound is ‘dead’

Ideal time: 2 seconds

34
Q

What is reverberation time?

A

The time sound takes to decrease to 1/1000th of its pressure

35
Q

What is intimacy time? (used in concerts)

A

Time between when a sound leaves the source and when the first reflection arrives. (best time = 20 ms)

36
Q

What is bass ratio?

A

Ratio of low to middle frequencies reflected from surfaces (best ratio = high)

37
Q

What is spaciousness factor?

A

Fraction of all the sound received by a listener that’s indirect.
(high spaciousness factor is best)

38
Q

What is the auditory scene?

A

Array of all sound sources in the environment

39
Q

What is auditory scene analysis?

A

Process of separating sound sources into individual perceptions (doesn’t happen at the cochlea)

40
Q
  1. Explain the parts of simultaneous grouping?
    (how we group / distinguish sounds)
    What is onset time?

What is location?

What is the similarity of timbre and pitch?

A

What is onset time?
-Sounds that start at diff times are likely from diff sources

What is location?
-A single sound source tends to come from one location and move consistently

What is the similarity of timbre and pitch?
Similar sounds = grouped

41
Q
  1. Explain the parts of sequential grouping

Experiment (with tones)

Galloping

Scale illusion and melodic channeling

And noise experiment by warren

A

Experiment (with tones):
-When play high and low tones slowly a person hears high and low tones that alternate
-When played quickly, a person hears two streams

Galloping:
-Merging two sounds together when they start sounding the same

Scale illusion and melodic channeling:
- Notes enter left ear
-Notes enter right ear
-Brain will group those similar in pitch as being the from the same source (usually true in the environment)

And noise experiment by warren:
Sounds
Either a pause or noise interrupts
Silence: thought sound stopped

Noise: thought sound continued behind noise

42
Q
  1. Explain the effect of past experience

three blind mice experiment

A

If the three blind mice are played at diff octaves
- its hard to identify the song

But if you play the normal one before - they can identify it.

43
Q

What is visual capture / the ventriloquist effect?

A

An observer perceives the sound as coming from a visual location rather then the source of sound

44
Q

What is the two flash illusion?

A

Two beeps and one flash simultaneously

Will perceive two flashes

45
Q

What can blind people use to help see?

A

Echolocation to make clicking sounds and observe the echoes on the environment.

Activates similar parts of the brain as visual / hearing

Perception- Class Notes (7 decks)

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