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Perception- Class Notes > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What do motor fibers do?

A

Send signals to our muscle fibers telling them to contract

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2
Q

What do sensory fibers do?

A

Either skin of muscle and come in different sizes.

Largest: Info about touch, muscle sensitivity or sense of movement.

Smallest: Info about muscle fatigue, temperature and certain forms of pain

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3
Q

Explain the three parts of the sensory system:

  1. cutaneous senses
  2. Proprioception
  3. Kinesthesis
A
  1. cutaneous senses:
    -Perception of touch and pain from stimulation of the skin
  2. Proprioception:
    -Ability to sense position of body and limbs
  3. Kinesthesis:
    -Ability to sense movements of body and limbs
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4
Q

What is the heaviest organ in the body?

A

The skin

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5
Q

What does the skin do?

A

protects the organism by keeping damage agents from penetrating the body

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6
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Outer layer of skin, which is made up of dead skin cells

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7
Q

What is below the epidermis? and what does it do?

A

The dermis, it contains mechanoreceptors that respond to stimuli such as pressure, stretching and vibration.

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8
Q

What are the two types of mechanoreceptor?

1) Merkel Receptor

2) Meissner Receptor

A

1) Merkel Receptor:
- Fires continuously while stimulus is present
-Responsible for sensing fine details

2) Meissner Receptor:
-Fires only when a stimulus is first applied and when it is removed
-Responsible for controlling hand-grip

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9
Q

What are the types of mechanoreceptors deep in the skin?

1) Ruffini Cylinder Fires

2) Pacinian Corpuscle

A

1) Ruffini Cylinder Fires:
-Continuously to stimulation
-Associated with perceiving stretching of the skin

2) Pacinian Corpuscle
-fires only when a stimulus is first applied and when it is removed
-Associated with sensing rapid vibrations and fine texture

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10
Q

How do nerve fibers travel to the spinal cord?

A

In bundles (peripheral nerves)

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11
Q

Explain the two major pathways in the spinal cord:

  1. Medial lemniscal pathway
  2. Spinothalamic pathway
A
  1. Medial lemniscal pathway:
    -consists of large fibers that carry proprioceptive and touch information
  2. Spinothalamic pathway
    -Consists of smaller fibers that carry temperature and pain information
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12
Q

Where do the signals go in the brain?

A

The thalamus, the somatosensory receiving area (S1) and to the secondary receiving area (s2) in the parietal lobe

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13
Q

What is the homnculus?

A

Cortical space for parts of the body

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14
Q

How do we measure tactile aquity?

  1. Two-point threshold
  2. Grating aquity
A
  1. Two-point threshold
    -See when you recognize something as distinct parts
  2. Grating aquity
    -grooves go in a certain direction
    -determine the orentation
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15
Q

What is raised pattern identification?

A

Using something like braille to see the smallest size that can be identified

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16
Q

Is there a high density of merkel receptors in the fingertips?

A

Yeas

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17
Q

Most sensitive parts of the body?

A

Fingers, upper lip, and big toe

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18
Q

Least sensitive parts of the body?

A

Upper arm, back, thigh

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19
Q

Explain the idea of overlapping merkel receptors:

A

None overlap on finers = more sensitive

Overlap at less sensitive parts of the body

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20
Q

What is the cortical magnification factor?

A

Highly sensitive parts have a bigger representation in the brain

21
Q

What does the Pacinian corpuscle do (PC)?

A

Respond to high rates of vibration
Circle guy

Without the PC it only responds to continuous pressure

22
Q

Explain the two cues we use to perceive texture on?

  1. Spatial cues:
  2. Temporal Cues:
A
  1. Spatial cues: Bumps and grooves
    - size, shape and distribution of surface elements
  2. Temporal Cues: Fine textures, perceived as fingers move across the surface
    -Rate of vibration as skin moves across the surface
23
Q

What is the duplex theory of texture perception?

A

Might be two receptors responsible for Spatial cues and Temporal Cues:

24
Q

What do we see when we present various textures to a hand?

A
  1. different textures caused different reactions
  2. Different neurons responded differently to the same texture
25
Q

What do merkel receptors respond best to?

A

Coarse textures

26
Q

What do PC receptors respond best to?

A

Fine textures

27
Q

What is active touch?

A

Touch in which a person explores an object with fingers and hands (4 ways)

28
Q

What is passive touch?

A

Stimuli are applied to the skin

29
Q

What is haptic perception?

A

Three dimentional objects are explored (uses three systems)

30
Q

Three systems of haptic perception:
1. Sensory System
2. Motor system
3. Cognitive system

A
  1. Sensory System
    -Touch, temp, and texture
  2. Motor system
    -Moving fingers and hands
  3. Cognitive system
    -Thinking about the info provided by the sensory and motor system
31
Q

What are exploratory procedures?

A

Various distinctive movements when identifying objects.

Depending on object qualities

32
Q

Explain how cortical neurons are specialized:

A

Centre- surround receptive fields (similar to visual system)

33
Q

What part of the brain reacted when a monkey grabbed a particular object?

A

Somatosensory cortex (parietal)

34
Q

Response of neurons depends on ___?

A

Attention

35
Q

What is inflammatory pain?

A

Caused by dmg to tissue / inflammation of joints by tumor cells

36
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Lesions or other damage to the nervous system

ex. Corpal tunnel syndrome, spinal cord injury and brain dmg due to stroke

37
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

Activation of receptor in the skin called nociceptors, which are specialized to respond to tissue dmg or potential dmg.

38
Q

What is the direct pathway model of pain

A

Pain when nociceptor in skin are stimulated and send signals to the brain

39
Q

What happens when pain brings good results? (WW2 soldiers injured and got to go to safety)

A

Didn’t report as much pain

40
Q

What is the gate control model of pain?

A

Signals enter spinal cord to go to the brain

Additional signals which influence the strength of the signal leaving the spinal cord

41
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Send excitatory signals to transmission cells

42
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

Signals sent from rubbing skin (or non painful stimuli)

43
Q

What is central control?

A

Related to cognitive functions like expectations, attention and distraction.
carry signals down from the cortex

44
Q

What is a placebo?

A

Pill w/o active ingredients

45
Q

What is the Placebo effect?

A

Decrease in pain from substance with no effect

expectation causes a perceived effect

46
Q

What is the nocebo effect?

A

Negative effect caused by negative expectation

47
Q

How can attention decrease pain?

A

Distraction causes less pain

48
Q

How does emotion influence pain?

A

Unpleasant music (or another stimulus)
Caused a higher intensity rating of pain

49
Q
A

Perception- Class Notes (7 decks)

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