chapter 16

Question 1

1st line of defense

Answer 1

Skin
mucous membranes
Normal microbiota

Dendritic cells

Lysozyme

Question 1

Second line of defense

Answer 1

• Phagocyte
  inflammation
• Fever
• Antimicrobial substances

Question 2

Third line of defense

Answer 2

specialized lymphocytes:
T cells and B cells
* Antibodies

Question 3

Mucus 1st line of defense

Answer 3

viscous glycoproteins that trap microbes and
prevent tracts from drying out

lysozymes destroys bacterial cell walls
gastric juice

Question 3

Skin
1st line of defense

Answer 3

Shedding and dryness of skin inhibits microbial
growth
* Outer layer of Epidermal cells are dead and
keratinized; dead cells cannot be infected or
become cancerous

Question 4

innate immunity

Answer 4

defenses that
are present at birth. They are always available to provide rapid
responses to protect us against disease

Question 5

CBC

Answer 5

Count blood cells

too low WC
AUTOIMMINE
LEUKIPINA

TO HIGH
FIGHTING INFECTION

Question 5

Adaptive immunity

Answer 5

specific response to a specific
microbe once a microbe has breached the innate immunity
defenses.

adaptive immunity is slower to respond, but it does have
a memory component that allows the body to more effectively target
the same pathogens in the future.

Question 6

phagocytosis

Answer 6

CHEMO TAXIS ATTRACTION TO MICROBE

Adhesion: attachment

Ingestion Opsonization: microorganism is coated with serum
proteins, making ingestion easier

Digestion

poop them out

Question 7

lymphatic system?

Answer 7

Contains lymphocytes and phagocytic cells
* Lymph carries microbes to lymph nodes where
lymphocytes and macrophages destroy the
pathogen

Question 8

inflammation

Answer 8

redness, swelliing, pain and heat

vasodilation FOR EASY permeability

Destroys injurious agent or limits its effects on the
body

Repairs and replaces tissue damaged by the
injurious agent

RESPONSE OF PAMPS

Question 9

inflammation EVENTS

Answer 9

Pamps recognizes LPS OR peptidoglycan

Secretion of inflammatory mediators (cytokines)
* regulate the intensity and duration of immune response

issue Repair

Question 10

Fever pro

Answer 10

signals rest

Inhibits growth of some
microbes

 May enhance the
activities of phagocytes,
cells of specific
immunity, and the
process of tissue repair

 Produces interferon

Question 11

Fever con

Answer 11

Acidosis
 Dehydration
 105°F fatal

Question 12

What causes fever

Answer 12

A macrophage ingests
a gram-negative
bacterium

Present of endotoxin will produced cytokines

The cytokines are
released into the
bloodstream by the
macrophages,
through which they
travel to the
hypothalamus of the
brain.

hypothalamus reset the body’s
“thermostat” to a
higher temperature,
producing fever

Question 13

cytokine storm

Answer 13

An overreaction by our immune system to an
infectious pathogen

Sepsis
Multiorgan dysfunction and failure

Septic shocK

Fever

Death

Question 14

Complement

Answer 14

Serum proteins produced by the liver that assist the
immune system in destroying microbes

Regulatory proteins readily break down complement
proteins, minimizing host cell destruction

Capsules prevent complement activation

Question 15

Interferons

Answer 15

have antiviral activity

IFN-α and IFN-β: produced by cells in response to
viral infections; cause neighboring cells to produce
antiviral proteins (AVPs) that inhibit viral
replication

Question 15

Phagocytes

Answer 15

neutrophils

macrophages

dendritic cells

eosinophils

Question 16

B cells

Answer 16

lymphocytes

Produces antibodies that bind to and combat foreign
molecules known as antigens
* Antibodies are like a secreted form of a B cell receptor

Question 17

t cells

Answer 17

Secrete Cytokines
* Remove intracellular pathogens = inside of cells
* Infected cells
* Cancerous cells
* Cellular immunity