Chapter 16

Question 1

Somatic nervous system involves

Answer 1

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Question 2

Autonomic nervous system involves

Answer 2

involuntary control of visceral effectors

Question 3

Motors of CNS synapse on

Answer 3

visceral motor neurons in the automatic ganglia

Question 4

Sympathetic

Answer 4

Fight or flight
need to be alert
emergency situations
reduced digestive and urinary functions
increased metabolic rates (wants cells to activate and react to the dire situation)

Question 5

Parasympathetic

Answer 5

Rest and digest
conserve and maintain energy
post-meal

Question 6

Dual innervation

Answer 6

all visceral organs served by both divisions, but cause opposite effects.

Question 7

autonomic tone

Answer 7

both pathways are slightly active.
Nerves maintain background level activity, they can increase or decrease activity (provides greater range of control)

Question 8

Heart receives dual innervation:

Answer 8

stimulating parasympathetic nerves and inhibiting sympathetic.

Question 9

Where does autonomic tone occur?

Answer 9

where dual innervation occurs
more important where it does not occur

especially important in areas where only one division occurs.

Question 10

Some organs are innervated by

Answer 10

only one division
sympathetic control w/ blood vessel diameter

Question 11

NE is released from _____ at Smooth muscle cells in ______

Answer 11

sympathetic fibers, blood vessel walls.

sympathetic tone keeps muscles partially contracted.

Question 12

Where more blood flow is needed,

Answer 12

rate of NE release decreased
sympathetic cholinergic fibers are stimulated
smooth muscle cells relax and blood vessels dilates.

Question 13

parasympathetic fibers cause ____ which is responsible for erection of penis or clitoris

Answer 13

vasodilation

Question 14

Sympathetic fibers cause

Answer 14

ejaculation of semen in males and reflex contraction of female’s vagina

Question 15

Visceral reflexes

Answer 15

autonomic, polysynaptic reflexes initiated in viscera
provides automatic motor response.

all of these reflexes will be polysynaptic.

Question 16

Long reflex is defined as

Answer 16

going through the spinal cord as the integration zone

Question 17

short reflex is defined as

Answer 17

receptor response synapses on a postganglionic neuron.

Question 18

Somatic vs Autonomic

Answer 18

Starts in different places

voluntary muscle movements start at primary motor cortex
autonomic responses start at the hypothalamus

Question 19

What are the three characteristics of higher-order functions?

Answer 19

1. Require the cerebral cortex
2. involve conscious and unconscious information processing.
3. Subject to adjustment over time (not innate, fixed behaviors)

Question 20

Memory

Answer 20

stored information gathered through experience

Question 21

fact vs. skill memories

Answer 21

Fact: Cerebellum w/ motor movements
Skill: Action to it, a learned behavior- riding a bike, playing an instrument

Question 22

Short-term vs. Long-term memory:

Answer 22

Short: don’t last for a long time, during the period you have them you can recall them quickly.
Long: lasts for a longer period of time especially if you’re consistently using that skill.

Question 23

Steps of memory storage

Answer 23

Sensory input > short term memory (repetition promotes retention, otherwise permanent loss due to neural fatigue, shock, or interference by other stimuli) > Consolidation (transfer or conversion of short term memory via repetition) > Secondary Memory (still recall information, but they can fade with time if you don’t use the information) > Tertiary Memory (won’t fade away with time; think of your name).

Question 24

Fact memory is stored in

Answer 24

cerebral cortex

Question 25

Skill memory is stored in

Answer 25

cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex

Question 26

What brain regions are involved in memory consolidation and access?

Answer 26

1. Hippocampus + amygdaloid body (memory consolidation for long-term memory)
2. nucleus basalis
   (near diencephalon- unknown role)
3. cerebral cortex
   (storage of long-term memory)

Question 27

If the hippocampus and amygdaloid body are destroyed, what is lost?

Answer 27

ability to make long-term memory

Question 28

if the cerebral cortex is damaged, what is lost

Answer 28

storage of long term memory

Question 29

What are the anatomical and physiological changes in neurons and synapses (3)

Answer 29

increased neurotransmitter release
facilitation at synapses