Chapter 16 Flashcards
Somatic nervous system involves
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system involves
involuntary control of visceral effectors
Motors of CNS synapse on
visceral motor neurons in the automatic ganglia
Sympathetic
Fight or flight
need to be alert
emergency situations
reduced digestive and urinary functions
increased metabolic rates (wants cells to activate and react to the dire situation)
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
conserve and maintain energy
post-meal
Dual innervation
all visceral organs served by both divisions, but cause opposite effects.
autonomic tone
both pathways are slightly active.
Nerves maintain background level activity, they can increase or decrease activity (provides greater range of control)
Heart receives dual innervation:
stimulating parasympathetic nerves and inhibiting sympathetic.
Where does autonomic tone occur?
where dual innervation occurs
more important where it does not occur
especially important in areas where only one division occurs.
Some organs are innervated by
only one division
sympathetic control w/ blood vessel diameter
NE is released from _____ at Smooth muscle cells in ______
sympathetic fibers, blood vessel walls.
sympathetic tone keeps muscles partially contracted.
Where more blood flow is needed,
rate of NE release decreased
sympathetic cholinergic fibers are stimulated
smooth muscle cells relax and blood vessels dilates.
parasympathetic fibers cause ____ which is responsible for erection of penis or clitoris
vasodilation
Sympathetic fibers cause
ejaculation of semen in males and reflex contraction of female’s vagina
Visceral reflexes
autonomic, polysynaptic reflexes initiated in viscera
provides automatic motor response.
all of these reflexes will be polysynaptic.
Long reflex is defined as
going through the spinal cord as the integration zone
short reflex is defined as
receptor response synapses on a postganglionic neuron.
Somatic vs Autonomic
Starts in different places
voluntary muscle movements start at primary motor cortex
autonomic responses start at the hypothalamus
What are the three characteristics of higher-order functions?
- Require the cerebral cortex
- involve conscious and unconscious information processing.
- Subject to adjustment over time (not innate, fixed behaviors)
Memory
stored information gathered through experience
fact vs. skill memories
Fact: Cerebellum w/ motor movements
Skill: Action to it, a learned behavior- riding a bike, playing an instrument
Short-term vs. Long-term memory:
Short: don’t last for a long time, during the period you have them you can recall them quickly.
Long: lasts for a longer period of time especially if you’re consistently using that skill.
Steps of memory storage
Sensory input > short term memory (repetition promotes retention, otherwise permanent loss due to neural fatigue, shock, or interference by other stimuli) > Consolidation (transfer or conversion of short term memory via repetition) > Secondary Memory (still recall information, but they can fade with time if you don’t use the information) > Tertiary Memory (won’t fade away with time; think of your name).
Fact memory is stored in
cerebral cortex
