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OU Bio 1200- Biology1 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell division

A

Reproduction of cells

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2
Q

2 types of cell division

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

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3
Q

Cytogenetic

A

Find of genetics involving microscopic examination of chromosomes & cell division

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4
Q

Karyotype

A

Reveals number, size, & form of chromosomes in an actively dividing cell

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5
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes in human

A

23

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6
Q

Total howmany chromosomes in human

A

46

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7
Q

How many sex chromosomes in human

A

1 pair

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8
Q

How many autonomies in human

A

22 pair

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9
Q

Diploid or 2n

A

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

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10
Q

Haploid or N

A

Gametes have 1 member of each pair of chromosomes or 23 total chromosomes

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11
Q

Cell cycle

A

Sequence of event/phases resulting in 2 daughter cells

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12
Q

G1

A

First gap

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13
Q

S

A

Synthesis/copy of DNA

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14
Q

G2

A

Second gap

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15
Q

M

A

Mitosis & cytokinesis

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16
Q

G0

A

Substitute for g1 for cells postponing division of never dividing again

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17
Q

G1 Interphase

A

Cell accumulates molecular changes that cause progression through the cell cycle

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18
Q

Phase restriction point for g1 interphase

A

Where cell committed to enter phase

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19
Q

S interphase

A

Chromosomes replicate, & after replication 2 copies stay joined to each other & ape called sister chromatids

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20
Q

What comes after S

A

G2

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21
Q

How many chromatids in g2

A

92 total/46 pairs

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22
Q

G2 interpahse

A

Cell synthesizes proteins needed during mitosis & cytokinesis

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23
Q

M phase - mitosis

A

Divide 1 cell nucleus into 2

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24
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm,

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25
Q

Decision to divide relies

A

External factors
Internal factors

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26
Q

External factors

A

Environmental condition

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27
Q

Internal factors

A

Cell cycle control molecules

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28
Q

Cell cycle Control

A

Cyclins or cyclin- dependent kinases

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29
Q

3 critical regulatory checkpoints

A

G1 checkpoint
G2 check point
Metaphase checkpoint

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30
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Senses DNA damage, conditions favorable for division

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31
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Senses DNA damage, proper replication, proteins for transition to M are present

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32
Q

Metaphase checkpoint

A

Integrity of spindle apparats (chromosome sorting)

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33
Q

Mitotic cell division

A

A cell divides to produce 2 new cell genetically identical to the original

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34
Q

What is original cell called

A

Mother cells.

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35
Q

What is new cells are called?,

A

Daughter cells.

36
Q

Mitotic cell division involves

A

Mitosis & cytokinesis

37
Q

Preparation for cell division

A

DNA replicated
Sister chromatids
Tightly associates at centromere
Serves as attachment site for kinetochore used in sorting chromosome

38
Q

Mitotic

A

Sorting process ensures that eac daughter cen will obtain the correct number & types of chromosomes

39
Q

Mitotic spindle apparatus (mitotic spindle)

A

Responsible for organizing& sorting the chromosomes during mitosis

40
Q

Centrosames

A

Microtubule organizing center (mtocs)

41
Q

Centrioles

A

Found in centrosomes of animal cell.

42
Q

Spindle microtubules.

A

Spindle ironed from microtubules

43
Q

3 types of microtubules

A

Astral
Polar
Kinetochore

44
Q

Astral

A

Position spindle apparatus in cell

45
Q

Polar

A

Separate 2 poles

46
Q

Kinetochore tubules

A

Attached to kinetochore bound to centromeres of each chromosome

47
Q

Interphase

A

Phase of the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are decondensed & found in the nucleus (g1,s,g2)

48
Q

Mitosis phases

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

49
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes have already replicated to produce 12 chromatids, joined as six pairs of sister chromatids

50
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope completely fragments
Mitatic spindle is fully formed in this phase

51
Q

Metaphase

A

Pair of sister chromatids are aligned along a plane halfway between the poles called the metaphase plate
Organized in a single row

52
Q

Anaphase

A

Connections between the pairs of sister chromatids are broken

53
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes have reached their respects poles & decondense
Nuclear membranes re-form to produce 2 separate nuclei

54
Q

Cytokinesis

A

2 nuclei are segregated into separate daughter cell
Different in animal & plant

55
Q

Cytokinesis in animals

A

Cleavage furrow constricts like a drawstring to separate the cells.

56
Q

Cytokinesis in plant.

A

Cell plate forms A cell wall between the 2 daughter cell.

57
Q

Sexual reproduction requires what

A

A fertilization event where haploid gametes unite & creat a diploid cell called a zygote

58
Q

Meiosis

A

The process by which haploid cells (gametes) are produced from a cell that wasoriginally diploid.

59
Q

2 differences at beginning of meiosis

A

Homologous pairs form a bivalent or tetrad
Crossing over.

60
Q

Bivalent or tetrad

A

Homologous pairs of sister chromatids associate with each other, lying side by side to form a bivalent of tetrad.

61
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

Proteins join homologous chromosomes

62
Q

Crossing over

A

Physical exchange between chromosome pieces ot the bivalent

63
Q

Chiasma

A

Arm of the chromosome tend to separate but remain adhered at this crossover site

64
Q

Prophase I

A

Replicated chromosomes condense & bivalents form as the nuclear membrane breaks down

65
Q

Prometaphase I

A

Spindle apparatus complete, & the chromatids are attacked to kinetochore microtubules

66
Q

Metaphase I

A

Bivalent organized along metaphase plate as double row

67
Q

Anaphase I

A

Segregation of homologues occurs

68
Q

Telophase I

A

Sister chromatids have reached their respective poles & decondense & nuclear membranes reform

69
Q

Meiosis ii

A

Same sorting steps as in mitosis, no S phase between meiosis I & meiosis ii

70
Q

When does sister chromatids separates in meiosis ii

A

During anaphase ii unlike a anaphase I

71
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

Deletions
Duplications
Inversions
Translocations

72
Q

Deletions

A

Segment missing

73
Q

Duplications

A

Section occurs 2/ more times in a row

74
Q

Inversion

A

Change in direction along a single chromosome

75
Q

Translocations

A

One segment becomes attached to another chromosome

76
Q

Changes in chromosome number

A

Euploid
Polyploid

77
Q

Euploid

A

Chromosome # that is viewed as the normal #

78
Q

Polyploid

A

3/ more sets of chromosomes

79
Q

N refers to what?

A

A set of chromosomes

80
Q

Diploid

81
Q

Tripled

82
Q

Tetraploid

83
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Alteration # of particular chromosomes
Total # not an exact multiple of a set

84
Q

Trisomic

A

Normal 2 copies of a chromosome plus a 3rd, 2n+1

85
Q

Monatomic

A

Missing 1 of normal copies of a chromosome,2n-1

86
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Chromosomes do not sort properly during cell division

OU Bio 1200- Biology1 (7 decks)

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