Chapter 1 Flashcards
principles of biology
1 cells are the simplest units of life
2 living organisms Use energy
3 living orgs interacts with their environment
4 living orgs maintains homeostasis
5 living orgs grow & develop
6 the genetic material provide a blueprint for reproduction
7 populations of orgs evolves from 1 generation t the next
8 all species are related by an evolutionary history
9 structure determines function
10 New properties of life emerge from complex interactions
11 biology is an experimental science
12 biology affects our society
Levels of organization
Atoms
Molecules & macromolecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
When & how life began?
About 3.5-4 billion years ago as primitive cells
Evolutionary change
Modifications of characteristics in pre-existing populations, structure modified to serve New purposes
Vertical decent with mutation
New species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of mutation
Natural selection
Takes advantage of beneficial mutations
Horizontal gene transfer
Genetic exchange between different species
Tree of life
Only focuses on vertical evolution
Web of life
Invlueds both vertical & horizontal gene transfer
Taxonomy
The grouping of species based on common ancestor
3 domain or categories
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria
Unicellular prokaryote (no nucleus)
Archaea
Unicellular prokaryote (different evolutionary history than bacteria)
Eukarya
Unicellular to multicellular eukaryotes (have a nucleus)
Taxonomic groups
1 domain
2 kingdom
3 phylum
4 class
5 order
6 family
7 Genus
8 species
Genome
The complete genetic makeup of an org.
Proteomes
The complet complement of proteins that a cell or org can make
Hypothesis
Proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon, based on previous observation/ experimenta study s
Hypothes@smust make predictions that can be shown to be what?
Corect/incorrect
What support/rejects a hypothesis
Additional observations/experiments
A hypothesis can never….
Be really proven, represents best explanation
Theory
Broad explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is substantiated by a large body of evidence
Theory allows
To make many predictions
Theory can….
Never be proven true, extremely likely to be true
2 general approaches for scientific discovery
Discovery-based Science
Hypothesis testing
Discovery- based science
Collection & analysis of data without the need for a preconceived hypothesis
What’s the goal for discovery-based science
To gather information
Test a hypothesis
Explain observed phenomenon
5 stages of hypothesis testing
Observation made regarding natural phenomena
The observation lead to a hypothesis that tries to explain the phenomena
Experimentation is conducted
The data from the experiment are analyzed
The hypothesis is accepted or rejected
