Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OU Bio 1200- Biology1 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Mutation

A

A heritable change in the genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Point mutation affects?

A

A single base pair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 basic alterations

A

Change base sequence
Add or remove nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Silent mutation

A

Doesn’t alter the amino acid sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many codon per amino acid?

A

More than 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Missense mutation

A

Changes a single amino acid in a polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Change from a normal codon to a stop or termination codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Addition or deletion of nucleotides that are not multiples of 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mutation outside of coding sequences

A

Mutation may alter DNA operator sequence so that repressor protein doesn’t bind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Germ-line cells mutation

A

Rise to gametes
Can occur in sperm/egg cells or the cells that gives rise to eggs & sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Somatic cell mutation

A

All other cells
Can occur early/late in development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spontaneous mutation

A

Result from abnormalities in biological processes
DNA polymerase adds wrong nucleotide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many spontaneous mutation

A

1 mutation for every 1 million genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Induced mutation

A

Brought on by environmental agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mutagens

A

Chemical/physical agent can alter DNA in various ways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Disrupt pairing by

A

Modifying nucleotide structure
Base analogue mutagens similar to particular bases cause errors in replication
Alkylating bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Interfering with replication

A

Benzopyrene (auto exhaust) inserts between bases & distort the helix causing errors

18
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Have high energy & short wavelength
X Pay & gamma Rays

19
Q

What can lonizing radiation do?

A

Can penetrate deeply into biological materials to create free radicals.

20
Q

Free radicals

A

Unstable molecule that can build up in cell & cause damage in other molecule

21
Q

Why lionizingradation can penetrate biological materials?

A

Cause base deletions or breaks in 1/both DNA strands

22
Q

Base deletion

A

A mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication

23
Q

Nonionizing radiation

A

Has less energy & can only penetrate the surface
Uv Rays

24
Q

What does Wrays causes

A

A formation of thymine diner causing gaps or incorporation of incorrect bases

25
Q

Ames test

A

Test ability of substance to cause mutation

26
Q

DNA repair

A

Living orgs must have the ability to repair changes that occurs in DNA in order to minimize mutation

27
Q

What requires for DNA repair

A

DNA damage be detected
Repair of DNA damage

28
Q

Direct repair

A

Enzyme removes a modification
Altered DNA strand removed & new sequent synthesized

29
Q

Nucleotide excursion repair (ner)

A

Recognizes abnormal base
Region encompassing several nucleotides in the damaged strand is removed from the DNA
Intact undamaged strand is used as a template for resynthesis of a normal complementary strand.
Fixes many mutation.

30
Q

How ner was discovered in human?

A

By the analysis of genetic diseases that have defective ner based DNA repair.

31
Q

Cancer

A

Multicellular Disease organisms that is characterized by uncontrolled cell division.

32
Q

Carcinogens

A

Agents that increase the likelihood of developing cancer

33
Q

Invasive

A

Can invade healthy tissue

34
Q

Metastatic

A

Can migrate to other parts of the body.

35
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

Mutation causes this gene to be overactive
Called an oncogene
Involved in cell growth

36
Q

Tumor-suppressor gene

A

Normal y this gene encodes a protein that prevents cancer

37
Q

Missense mutation

A

Chemical mutagens have been shown to cause missense mutation leading to cancer.

38
Q

Gene amplification

A

Abnormal increase in copy number results in foo much of encoded protein

39
Q

Chromosomal translocations

A

2 different chromosome break & the ends of broken chromosome fuse with each other incorrectly.

40
Q

Retroviral insertion

A

Viral DNA may insert into a host chromosome in such a way that a viral promoter & response elements are next to a proto- oncogene

41
Q

Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKS)

A

Responsible for advancing a cell through the four phases of the cell cycle

42
Q

3 ways to loss of tumor-suppressor gene

A

Mutation occurs specifically within a tumor- suppressor gene to inactivate it’s function
Chromosome loss may contribute if the missing chromosome carries 1/more tumor- suppressor genes
Abnormal methylation of CpG islands near promoter regions

OU Bio 1200- Biology1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions