Chapter 15 Vocabulary

Question 1

Austria, Seven Years War

Answer 1

A war fought in the middle of the eighteenth century between the German kingdom of Prussia, supported by Britain, and an alliance that included Austria, France, and Russia.

Question 2

Louis XIV

Answer 2

A monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

Question 3

Peter the Great

Answer 3

A Russian czar in the late 17th century, who is best known for his extensive reforms in an attempt to establish Russia as a great nation.

Question 4

William the Great Elector

Answer 4

An Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia – and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia – from 1640 until his death

Question 5

Czar

Answer 5

An emperor of Russia before 1917.

Question 6

Absolutism

Answer 6

The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.

Question 7

Boyar

Answer 7

A member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.

Question 8

Ivan IV

Answer 8

The Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then “Tsar of All the Russias” until his death in 1584. The last title was used by all his successors.

Question 9

Divine Right

Answer 9

A political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

Question 10

Henry IV

Answer 10

Was King Henry IV of England and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413, and asserted the claim of his grandfather, Edward III, to the Kingdom of France.

Question 11

War of Spanish Secession

Answer 11

A major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II.

Question 12

Thirty Years War

Answer 12

A series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.

Question 13

Catherine the Great

Answer 13

The most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67.

Question 14

Window to the West

Answer 14

It was, in Peter the Great’s terms, enlightened, his big and bright window on the western world. Until the founding of St Petersburg, Russia had seemed, at least to western Europe, a rather frightening Byzantine labyrinth.

Question 15

Maria Theresa

Answer 15

The only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

Question 16

Pragmatic Sanction

Answer 16

An imperial or royal ordinance or decree that has the force of law.

Question 17

Hapsburgs

Answer 17

Of or relating to the German royal house to which belong the rulers of Austria from 1278 to 1918, the rulers of Spain from 1516 to 1700, and many of the Holy Roman emperors.

Question 18

Frederick the Great

Answer 18

King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king. His most significant accomplishments during his reign included his military victories

Question 19

Frederick William I

Answer 19

Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia – and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia – from 1640 until his death

Question 20

Glorious Revolution

Answer 20

The events of 1688–89 in England that resulted in the ousting of James II and the establishment of William III and Mary II as joint monarchs.

Question 21

Spanish Armada

Answer 21

A Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

Question 22

James I, Puritans

Answer 22

King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death.

Question 23

Queen Elizabeth

Answer 23

Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

Question 24

Charles I

Answer 24

Monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

Question 25

Petition of Rights

Answer 25

A statement of civil liberties sent by the English Parliament to Charles I.

Question 26

Long Parliament

Answer 26

An English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660.

Question 27

Short Parliament

Answer 27

A Parliament of England that sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles I of England, so called because it lasted only three weeks.

Question 28

Cavaliers

Answer 28

A supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War.

Question 29

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 29

An English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Question 30

Commonwealth

Answer 30

An independent country or community, especially a democratic republic.

Question 31

Declaration of Rights

Answer 31

A document drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish “inadequate” government.

Question 32

Monarchy

Answer 32

A form of government with a monarch at the head.

Question 33

Torries and Wigs

Answer 33

Terms of abuse introduced in 1679 during the heated struggle over the bill to exclude James, duke of York (afterward James II), from the succession.

Question 34

English Bill of Rights

Answer 34

An act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689.

Question 35

William and Mary

Answer 35

William and Mary were the co-regnants over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, namely the Dutch Prince of Orange King William III (& II) and his spouse (and first cousin) Queen Mary II.

Question 36

Enlightenment

Answer 36

The action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened.

Question 37

Philosaphers

Answer 37

A person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.

Question 38

John Locke

Answer 38

An English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the “Father of Liberalism”.

Question 39

Voltaire

Answer 39

A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church

Question 40

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 40

A French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment.

Question 41

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 41

An English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights.

Question 42

Salon

Answer 42

An establishment where a hairdresser, beautician, or couturier conducts business.

Question 43

Spanish Hapsburgs

Answer 43

Refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries, when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Habsburg dynasty.

Question 44

Phillip II

Answer 44

A King of Spain, King of Portugal, King of Naples and Sicily, and during his marriage to Queen Mary I jure uxoris King of England and Ireland.

Question 45

War of Austrian Seccession

Answer 45

The War of the Austrian Succession involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa’s succession to the Habsburg Monarchy.

Question 46

Tutor

Answer 46

A private teacher, typically one who teaches a single student or a very small group.

Question 47

Stuart

Answer 47

Relating to the royal family ruling Scotland 1371–1714 and Britain 1603–49 and 1660–1714.