Chapter 15 Vocabulary Flashcards
Austria, Seven Years War
A war fought in the middle of the eighteenth century between the German kingdom of Prussia, supported by Britain, and an alliance that included Austria, France, and Russia.
Louis XIV
A monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
Peter the Great
A Russian czar in the late 17th century, who is best known for his extensive reforms in an attempt to establish Russia as a great nation.
William the Great Elector
An Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia – and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia – from 1640 until his death
Czar
An emperor of Russia before 1917.
Absolutism
The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.
Boyar
A member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.
Ivan IV
The Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547, then “Tsar of All the Russias” until his death in 1584. The last title was used by all his successors.
Divine Right
A political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.
Henry IV
Was King Henry IV of England and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413, and asserted the claim of his grandfather, Edward III, to the Kingdom of France.
War of Spanish Secession
A major European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death in 1700 of the last Habsburg King of Spain, the infirm and childless Charles II.
Thirty Years War
A series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war, resulting in eight million casualties.
Catherine the Great
The most renowned and the longest-ruling female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67.
Window to the West
It was, in Peter the Great’s terms, enlightened, his big and bright window on the western world. Until the founding of St Petersburg, Russia had seemed, at least to western Europe, a rather frightening Byzantine labyrinth.
Maria Theresa
The only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.
Pragmatic Sanction
An imperial or royal ordinance or decree that has the force of law.
Hapsburgs
Of or relating to the German royal house to which belong the rulers of Austria from 1278 to 1918, the rulers of Spain from 1516 to 1700, and many of the Holy Roman emperors.
Frederick the Great
King of Prussia from 1740 until 1786, the longest reign of any Hohenzollern king. His most significant accomplishments during his reign included his military victories
Frederick William I
Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia – and thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia – from 1640 until his death
Glorious Revolution
The events of 1688–89 in England that resulted in the ousting of James II and the establishment of William III and Mary II as joint monarchs.
Spanish Armada
A Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.
James I, Puritans
King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death.
Queen Elizabeth
Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Charles I
Monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.
Petition of Rights
A statement of civil liberties sent by the English Parliament to Charles I.
Long Parliament
An English Parliament which lasted from 1640 until 1660.
Short Parliament
A Parliament of England that sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles I of England, so called because it lasted only three weeks.
Cavaliers
A supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War.
Oliver Cromwell
An English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Commonwealth
An independent country or community, especially a democratic republic.
Declaration of Rights
A document drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish “inadequate” government.
Monarchy
A form of government with a monarch at the head.
Torries and Wigs
Terms of abuse introduced in 1679 during the heated struggle over the bill to exclude James, duke of York (afterward James II), from the succession.
English Bill of Rights
An act that the Parliament of England passed on December 16, 1689.
William and Mary
William and Mary were the co-regnants over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, namely the Dutch Prince of Orange King William III (& II) and his spouse (and first cousin) Queen Mary II.
Enlightenment
The action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened.
Philosaphers
A person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.
John Locke
An English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the “Father of Liberalism”.
Voltaire
A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church
Baron de Montesquieu
A French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment.
Mary Wollstonecraft
An English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights.
Salon
An establishment where a hairdresser, beautician, or couturier conducts business.
Spanish Hapsburgs
Refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries, when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Habsburg dynasty.
Phillip II
A King of Spain, King of Portugal, King of Naples and Sicily, and during his marriage to Queen Mary I jure uxoris King of England and Ireland.
War of Austrian Seccession
The War of the Austrian Succession involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa’s succession to the Habsburg Monarchy.
Tutor
A private teacher, typically one who teaches a single student or a very small group.
Stuart
Relating to the royal family ruling Scotland 1371–1714 and Britain 1603–49 and 1660–1714.
