Chapter 15 - Urinary System

Question 1

What are the Organs of the urinary system ?

Answer 1

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Nephrons are the microscopic functional units of the kidneys

Question 2

Where is the kidney located

Answer 2

Retroperitoneal in position
Lie behind the abdominal peritoneum
Either side of the vertebral column
Between the levels of the last thoracic vertebra and the third lumbar vertebra
Renal hilum
Concave depression of the kidney faces medially
Renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter the kidney here

Question 3

What are the 3 layers in the kidney?

Answer 3

3 layers of tissue surrounding each kidney
Layers protect the kidney against trauma, help give shape, and anchor the kidney
Deepest layer is the renal capsule
Middle layer is the adipose capsule
Outermost layer is the renal fascia

Question 4

What are the 4 functions of the kidney?

Answer 4

Removing metabolic waste products from the blood
Combined with water and ions to form urine, which is excreted from the body

Hormone secretion (can be used as a doping drug)
Erythropoietin, which stimulates the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells
Enzyme renin, which helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume

Regulate blood pH

Synthesis
Vitamin D
Gluconeogenesis

Question 5

What is Inner renal medulla-

Answer 5

Divided into triangular-shaped areas known as renal pyramids

Made up of a renal corpuscle and a tubular system

Question 6

Blood comes in ?

Answer 6

in through renal artery and out through renal vein

Question 7

Outermost renal cortex-

Answer 7

Covers the pyramids
Portion between pyramids is called a renal column

where most of the nephrons are found

Question 8

Renal corpuscle

Answer 8

Nephrons are made up of the renal corpuscle and a tubular system
It is composed of a mass or tuft of capillaries called the glomerulus
Capsule that surrounds it is the glomerular capsule, also called Bowman’s capsule
Site of blood filtration

Question 9

Parenchyma

Answer 9

The cortex and the medulla make it. Solid part of the kidney. Where waste excretion takes place and contains over a million nephrons

Question 10

Renal tubules

Answer 10

Extend from the Bowman’s capsule and Collect the filtrate
Three parts of tubule Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle and Distal convoluted tubule

Question 11

What are collecting ducts?

Answer 11

Distal convoluted tubules from several nephrons merge together to form collecting ducts.
Ducts transport urine to minor and major calyces.
Delivered to the renal pelvis
Empties urine into the ureters

Question 12

Acute Renal Failure

Answer 12

Decreased or no urine production
Modify the diet to decrease the amount of protein consumed, controlling fluid intake and potassium levels
Sudden loss of kidney function

Question 13

Chronic Renal Failure

Answer 13

Kidneys slowly lose their ability to function
Diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, renal stones, obstruction of the ureters, heart failure, and acute kidney failure
, white spots on the skin or increased pigmentation, hyperkalemia, an increased or decreased urine output,

Question 14

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Answer 14

Disorder in which the kidneys enlarge because of the presence of many cysts within them
Autosomal-dominant
Autosomal-recessive PKD-A rare developmental anomaly
Medications to control anemia and hypertension
kidney failure, and liver disease

Question 15

Pyelonephritis

Answer 15

Complicated urinary tract infection
Caused by bacteria, bladder infection, renal calculi, or an obstruction of the urinary system ducts
nlarged kidneys, painful urination, and cloudy or bloody urine
Intravenous fluids, analgesics, and antibiotics

Question 16

Renal Calculi/Kidney or Renal Stones

Answer 16

Gouty arthritis, defects of the ureters, overly concentrated urine, and urinary tract infections
Fever, nausea, severe back or abdominal pain, a frequent urge to urinate, hematuria, and abnormal urinalysis results
Pain medication, intravenous fluids, medications to decrease stone formation, surgery to remove kidney stones, and lithotripsy

Question 17

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys
Bacterial infections, renal diseases, and immune disorders
Drowsiness, coma, seizures, nausea, anemia, hypertension, increased skin pigmentation, abnormal heart sounds, abnormal urinalysis results, hematuria, and decreased or increased urine output
Low-sodium, low-protein diet

Question 18

Glomerular Filtration

Answer 18

Takes place in the renal corpuscles

Fluid part of blood is forced from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule, called glomerular filtrate

Question 19

Glomerular filtration depends on 3 pressures…which ones? - first stage of urine formation

Answer 19

Takes place in renal corpuscles from glomerulus to bowmans capsule
Glomerular filtration pressure-Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries
Capsular hydrostatic pressure-Acts in opposition to the glomerular pressure
Blood osmotic pressure - Acts in opposition to the glomerular pressure

Question 20

How does Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) controls the rate of filtration

Answer 20

If blood pressure or blood volume drops, the SNS causes the afferent arterioles in the kidneys to constrict.
When constriction occurs, glomerular filtration pressure decreases and less glomerular filtrate is formed.
When less glomerular filtrate is formed, less urine is ultimately formed. Allowing the body to retain fluids that are needed to raise blood pressure and volume

Question 21

What is Tubular reabsorption? 2nd stage of urine formation

Answer 21

Glomerular filtrate flows into the proximal convoluted tubule.
All the necessary substances pass through the wall of the renal tubule into the blood of the peritubular capillaries.
Water reabsorption varies depending on the presence of two hormones.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH and aldosterone

Question 22

Tubular secretion 3rd stage of urine formation

Answer 22

Substances move out of the blood in the peritubular capillaries and into the renal tubules.
Secreted substances will be excreted.
Urine is mostly made of water.- Also contains , urea, uric acid, and various ions, creatinine

Glucose and proteins should not be found in the urine

Question 23

Ureters

Answer 23

Tubes that drain urine from the kidneys, carrying the urine to the bladder.
Long, muscular tubes that propel urine through rhythmic muscular contractions called peristalsis.
Stored in the bladder until its expelled

Question 24

Urinary Bladder

Answer 24

Distensible (expandable) organ that is located in the pelvic cavity just behind the pubic symphysis
Interior has folds in the mucosa called rugae that allow it to expand
Internal floor contains 3 openings
One for the urethra and one for each ureter
Form a triangle called the trigone

Question 25

3 layers of bladder?

Answer 25

Innermost layer is mucosa made up of transitional epithelium
Middle layer is the muscular layer- pushes the urine out
Superficial layer is composed of connective tissue

Question 26

Micturition

Answer 26

Urinary bladder distends as it fills with urine
Distension stimulates stretch receptors in the bladder wall.
Signaling the micturition center in the spinal cord
Parasympathetic nerves stimulate the detrusor muscle.
Begins rhythmic contractions that trigger the sense of the need to urinate
Brainstem and cerebral cortex -Send impulses to voluntarily contract the external urethral sphincter and to inhibit the micturition impulse
Upon the decision to urinate
External urethral sphincter is relaxed and impulses from the pons and hypothalamus start the micturition reflex
Contraction of the detrusor muscle occurs
Urine is expelled through the urethra.

Question 27

Incontinence

Answer 27

An adult cannot control urination
Medications, excessive coughing, urinary tract infections, nervous system disorders, bladder cancer, prostate problems
Weakness of the urinary sphincters from surgery, trauma, or pregnancy
Primary symptom is the involuntary leakage of urine

Question 28

Cystitis

Answer 28

Urinary bladder infection
Different types of bacteria or the placement of a catheter in the bladder
Urine is often cloudy and blood may be present in the urine
Antibiotics, pain medication, drink lots of clear liquids, and cranberry juice

Question 29

When you get older?

Answer 29

Kidneys become smaller with age and are less efficient at filtering blood plasma
Blood flow to the kidneys also decreases
Infections, incontinence, renal calculi, and renal failure become more common as do dysuria, nocturia, and even hematuria

Question 30

How does ADH regulate urine production?

Answer 30

produced by the posterior pituitary gland —increases the amount of water reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

ADH causes decreased urine volume and decreased plasma osmolarity - Anti diuretic hormone - rid the body of excess fluid

Question 31

How does aldosterone regulate urine production?

Answer 31

Aldosterone affects sodium, potassium, total fluid in the body, and blood pressure. Aldosterone causes the kidneys to hold onto more sodium, which leads to more water staying in the body. The more fluid the body holds onto, the higher the blood pressure may become. Potassium may decrease as the amount of aldosterone increases.

Question 32

Lab tests

Answer 32

• Urea (BUN)
• Serum Creatinine
• Creatinine Clearance- blood and urine-24 hr
• Routine Urinalysis and C&S
• Serum Calcium and Phosphate
• Electrolytes –Na, K, Cl
• Urine 24hr protein
• Serum Urate (uric acid)
• Albumin
• Ammonia
• Osmolality

Question 33

What do nephrons do

Answer 33

filter waste products from blood

Question 34

what is the proximal convoluted tubule attached to

Answer 34

attached to the bowmans capsule and eventually straightens out to become the loop of henle which then becomes the distal convoluted tubule

Question 35

what do the distal convoluted tubules form

Answer 35

they form the collecting ducts which collect urine to be delivered to the renal pelvis and empties into the ureter

Question 36

Urethra

Answer 36

expels urine from bladder to outside

Question 37

Renal capsule - what layer

Answer 37

deepest layer
protects against trauma
helps give shape

Question 38

Adipose capsule - what layer

Answer 38

middle layer
made of fat, protects
holds kidney in place

Question 39

Renal fascia- wht layer

Answer 39

outermost
protecting layer
anchors kidney to the abdominal wall