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Anatomy > Ch 8 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch 8 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

80 bones skull, hyoid bone, auditory, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
Lie along the longitudinal axis of the body

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3
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

126 bones AND muscles

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4
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Protection
Skull protects the brain from injury and the ribs and vertebra protect viscera, such as the heart and lungs
Support
Allows us to sit, stand, and move by the attachment of muscles to bones
Storage
Bone acts as a reservoir for over 99 percent of the calcium in our body.
Production
White and red blood cells are produced by red bone marrow contained within bone.

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5
Q

What are two types of bone tissue?

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone -Spaces filled with red bone marrow.
Compact bone

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6
Q

What are osteons?

A

Osteons (Haversian systems) are the fundamental unit.
Each osteon consists of a long, cylindrical tube of concentric layers of bone called lamellae.
Inside the lamellae are lacunae where osteocytes can be found
Central canal is lined with the endosteum and contains blood vessels and nerves.
Canaliculi are smaller canals which run perpendicular to the central canal. They carry blood vessels and nerves to lamellae and lacunae

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7
Q

What are the three types of bone cells and what do they do?

A

Osteoblasts: immature bone cells, responsible for mineralizing the bone matrix
Osteocytes: mature bone cells
Osteoclasts: tear down bone for remodeling and cause the release of calcium

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8
Q

What is the bone growth process called?

A

ossification or osteogenesis.

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9
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

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10
Q

What happens in intramembranous ossification?

A

Bones begin as tough, fibrous membranes that are replaced by a bone matrix that is produced by osteoblasts.
Matrix is made up of calcium, phosphate, collagen fibers, and water.
Collagen fibers give bone its flexibility and the minerals give bone its strength.
Other factors essential to bone growth
Vitamins A for osteoblast stimulation and C for collagen synthesis , growth hormone, insulin, and thyroid hormone.
All bones of the skull but the lower jaw is formed by intramembraneous ossification.

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11
Q

What happens in endochondral ossification?

A

Bones start out as models made of hyaline cartilage.
Common in long bones such as femur
Osteoblasts form a bone “collar” around the diaphysis and replace the cartilage model.
Ossification centers is the area where ossification first begins is the primary ossification center
Each end or epiphysis are the secondary ossification centers. Some bones such as the vertebrae have more than two

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12
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

It is in the center of long bones and is initially filled with red bone marrow, involved in hematopoiesis - RBC formation.

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13
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

growth plate
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis
Between 18 and 25 years of age, made of hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone, becoming the epiphyseal line and the bone is no longer capable of growing in length

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14
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells that tear down bone
Regulated by parathyroid hormone
Bone remodeling is a balance between tearing down and building up bone.
Increased demand for calcium, osteoclastic activity will increase
Decreased demand for calcium, osteoblastic activity will increase

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15
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Thin and consist of a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone
Sternum, ribs, scapulae, and cranial bones

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16
Q

What are long bones?

A

Greater in length than width
Mostly compact bone, but their epiphyses are spongy bone
Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, and phalanges

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17
Q

What are short bones?

A

Cuboidal in shape
Spongy bone with just a thin outer layer of compact bone
Carpals and tarsals

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18
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Variety of shapes

Vertebrae, coxal, some facial bones, and the calcaneus

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19
Q

What are seasmoid bones?

A

Resemble sesame seeds

Patella (kneecap) and pisiform

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20
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

Tubular structure with a thick collar of compact bone surrounding a space called the medullary cavity
In children, this is the location of red bone marrow and is responsible for hematopoiesis
In adults, red bone marrow is replaced by yellow bone marrow
Except for skull, ribs, vertebra, and pelvis

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21
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

At each end of a long bone
Expanded area consisting of a thin layer of compact bone surrounding more abundant cancellous bone
Covering each epiphysis is articular cartilage of the hyaline cartilage. It is smooth and helps in frictionless movement of joints.

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22
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Membrane surrounds the diaphysis
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Blood vessels and nerves penetrating it
Responsible for “growing pains” during adolescence

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23
Q

What two main types of bone markings?

A

Projection- Grow out

Depressions- Indent the bone

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24
Q

What is the rib cage formed of?

A

Formed by sternum and 12 pairs of ribs

25
Q

What is the sternum?

A

Sternum is also called the breastbone
Made up of three bones
From most superior to inferior they are the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process
Anteriorly, the clavicles and most of the ribs attach to the sternum
Posteriorly, the ribs articulate with the vertebra

26
Q

What does the spinal column consist of?

A 
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
27
Q

What are the 4 major curvatures to the spine?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and pelvic

28
Q

What is the cervical vertebrae and what does it consist of?

A

Located in the neck
1st - called atlas/C1 - helps to turn your head, 2nd is axis/c2
Have 3 foramina - 2 transverse and single vertebral foreman .
Vertebral artery , vein, nerves travel through transvers
Spinal cord travels through foramen

29
Q

What is the lumbar vertebrae and what does it consist of?

A

Biggest and sturdiest - support body weight

30
Q

What are clavicles?

A

Clavicles or collarbones

Slender in shape and each articulates with the sternum and scapula

31
Q

What are Scapulae?

A

Thin, triangular shaped flat bones located on the dorsal surface of the rib cage.
Each scapula joins with the humerus and a clavicle

32
Q

What is the humerus?

A

Upper part of the arm
Proximally it articulates with the scapula and distally with the radius and the ulna
Head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
Shoulders can become dislocated because the fossa is very shallow

33
Q

What is the radius?

A

Radius is the lateral bone of the forearm
In anatomical position, it is on the same side of the arm as the thumb
Proximally it joins with the humerus and the ulna
Distally with the carpal bones

34
Q

What is the ulna?

A

Ulna is the medial bone of the lower arm
Proximal end of the ulna joins with the humerus to form the elbow joint
Distally it also joins with the radius and some of the carpal bones of the wrist

35
Q

What bones make up the hand?

A

8 carpal bones make up the wrist
5 metacarpal bones make up the palm
14 phalanges- 3 for each finger and 2 per thumb

36
Q

What is the pelvic girdle and what does it consist of?

A

Consists of the coxal (hip) bones and the lower extremities

37
Q

What are coxal bones?

A

Coxal bones attach the legs to the axial skeleton and help protect the pelvic organs
Three parts: the ilium (when you put your hands at the hip), the ischium (what you sit on ), and the pubis
Two pubic bones form the front of the coxal bone and come together at the pubic symphysis = a fibrocartilagious joint.
The joint become more lax when you give birth

38
Q

What is the femur?

A

Femur is the thigh bone , longest and heaviest in the body
Proximal end joins with the hipbone at the hip socket or acetabulum.
Distal end of the femur attaches to the tibia (shinbone) and the patella or kneecap

39
Q

What is the tibia and Fibula?

A

Tibia is the medial bone
Proximal end joins with the femur and fibula.
Distal end attaches to the ankle bones.

Fibula is the thinner, lateral bone

40
Q

What are joints and what are they classified as?

A

Junctions or articulations between bones

Based on their structure, joints can be classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

41
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Connected together with short connective tissue fibers abundant with collagen that do not allow much, if any, movement
Examples
Between cranial bones (called sutures) and facial bones

42
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Connected together by a disc of cartilage and are slightly movable
Examples
Between vertebrae

43
Q

What are Synovial joints?

A 
Most numerous type and most movable 
Structure
Covered with hyaline cartilage
Surrounded by a fibrous joint capsule
Lined with a synovial membrane which secretes a slippery fluid called synovial fluid, acts as a lubricant 
Examples
Elbows, knees, shoulders, and knuckles
44
Q

What are Diagnosis of fractures ?

A

Based on the clinical presentation and confirmed by x-rays

Computerized tomography scans and magnetic resonance imagining are used to more clearly assess the damaged area

45
Q

What are the healing steps of a fracture?

A
  1. Hematoma forms at the site of the fracture.
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms.
  3. Bony callus forms.
  4. Remodeling occurs when dead cells are removed and new bone cells are laid down.
46
Q

What is Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

“wear and tear”
Affects the weight-bearing joints of the hips and knees
Cartilage between the bones and the bones themselves begin to break down
Occurs in elderly individuals due to the aging process
Joint stiffness, aching, and pain
Anti-inflammatory drugs, intra-articular steroid injections, transplanting harvested cartilage cells, surgical scraping of the joint, joint replacement

47
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Chronic systemic disease
Autoimmune component (everyone)
Synovial membrane is destroyed causing edema and congestion.
Scar tissue forms, bones atrophy, and visible deformities become apparent.
Moderate to severe pain in the affected joints
Anti-inflammatory drugs, heat or cold treatments, cortisone injections, immunosuppressive drugs, low-impact aerobic exercise and warm water exercises

48
Q

What is Gout (Gouty Arthritis )

A

Type of arthritis associated with high uric acid levels in the blood
Crystalline deposits in the joints, kidneys, and various soft tissues
Acute or chronic joint pain, commonly in the great toe
Pain medications, anti- inflammatory drugs, and dietary modifications

49
Q

What is Bursitis?

A

Inflammation of a bursa, the fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons
Elbow, knee, shoulder, and hip
Overuse and trauma to joints
Joint pain, swelling, and tenderness in the structures surrounding the joint
Rest, pain medications, steroid injections, aspiration of excess fluid from the bursa, and antibiotics if caused by infection

50
Q

What is carpal tunnel?

A

Occurs when the median nerve in the wrist is excessively compressed by an inflamed tendon
Overuse of the wrist
Weakness, numbness, pain, or a tingling sensation in the hand, wrist, or elbow
Wrist splints, pain medications, steroid injections, surgery to reduce the pressure on the affected nerves

51
Q

What is Kyphosis?

A

Abnormally exaggerated curvature of the spine
-Adolescent kyphosis
Growth retardation or improper development of the epiphyses as a result of rapid growth
No symptoms may occur, may be mild pain, tiredness, or tenderness or stiffness of the thoracic spine.
Exercise, a firm mattress, and a back brace
-Adult kyphosis
Degenerative disc disease
Pain, back weakness, and fatigue
Spinal fusion or grafting, Harrington rods may also be surgically inserted

52
Q

What is Lordosis?

A

Exaggerated inward (convex) curvature of the lumbar spine
Obesity, tuberculosis of the spine, poor posture, pregnancy, osteoporosis, and continual wearing of high heels
Mild to moderate pain
Preventing or treating the underlying cause

53
Q

What is Scoliosis?

A

Abnormal, S-shaped lateral curvature of the thoracic or lumbar spine
Develop prenatally when vertebrae do not fuse together or result from diseases that cause weakness of the muscles that hold vertebrae together
Back pain
Back braces, surgery to correct spinal curves, and physical therapy to strengthen the spine

54
Q

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta?

A

Brittle-bone disease
Decreased amounts of collagen in their bones
Disorder is hereditary
Fractures, blue sclera, dental problems, hearing loss, a triangular face, abnormal spinal curves, very small stature, a small chest or barrel shaped chest, loose joint, and small muscles
List of treatments is extensive

55
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

Bones become more porous over time and a decrease in bone density is the result.
Hormone deficiencies, a sedentary lifestyle, a lack of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, bone cancers, corticosteroid excess, smoking, excess alcohol consumption, and the use of steroids
pain management medication

56
Q

What is Osteosarcoma?

A

Bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts
Cause is unclear
Pain and swelling of the soft tissue around affected bones
Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy
Amputation of the affected limb and fitting of prosthesis may be necessary to prevent metastasis

57
Q

What is Paget’s Disease?

A

Bones become enlarged, deformed and weak.
May be caused by a childhood viral infection and may have some genetic basis
Bone pain, deformed bones, and fractures
Surgery to remodel bones, hip replacements, medications to prevent bone weakening, and physical therapy

58
Q

Types of tests

A
  • Serum calcium levels
  • Serum phosphate levels
  • Serum alkaline phosphatase(ALP)
  • Bone marrow examination
  • Microbial analysis
  • Synovial fluid analysis

Anatomy (20 decks)

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