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Anatomy > Ch 19 Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch 19 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

How does the digestive system maintain homeostasis?

A

Maintains homeostasis by taking in food and water and then eliminating the waste products
Functions of the digestive system are carried out by the organs of the alimentarycanal or gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory organs

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2
Q

What are organs of the alimentary canal ?

A

Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anal canal

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3
Q

What are Accessory organs ?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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4
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

Accessory organ

Secrete saliva, which contain enzymes that initiate breakdown of carbohydrates

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5
Q

What does mouth do?

A

alimentary canal
mechanical breakdown of food
chemical digestion of carbs begins

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6
Q

what does pharynx do ?

A

alimentary canal

connects mouth to esophagus

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7
Q

What does esophagus do?

A

alimentary canal
peristalsis pushes food to stomach
behind the trachea

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8
Q

What does stomach do?

A

alimentary canal

secretes acid and enzymes; mixes food with secretions to begin enzymatic digestion of proteins

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9
Q

What does small intestine do?

A

alimentary canal
mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice
final enzymatic breakdown of food molecules
main site of nutrient absorption

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10
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

alimentary canal

absorbs water and electrolytes to form poop

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11
Q

What does rectum do?

A

alimentary canal

regulates elimination of poop

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12
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Function of digestive system

Eating and drinking

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13
Q

What is Secretion?

A

Function of digestive system

Saliva, water, acids, and enzymes enter the mouth and GI tract to help with the breakdown and absorption of foods.

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14
Q

What is Mixing and propulsion?

A

Function of digestive system

Move food along its way to the anal canal

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15
Q

What is Digestion?

A

Function of digestive system
Break down food into small molecules
Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth with the mastication of food.
Chemical digestion involves the further breakdown of food by the enzymes secreted by salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.

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16
Q

What is Absorption ?

A

Function of digestive system
Into the blood and lymph
takes place within the GI tract lumen by epithelial surface layer

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17
Q

What is Defecation

A

Function of digestive system

Elimination of wastes, indigestible substances, unabsorbed substances, water, some cells, and bacteria

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18
Q

Describe the mouth and its functions

A

Oral or buccal cavity
Takes in food and reduces its size through mastication
Starts the process of chemical digestion when saliva (has amylase) breaks down carbs
Boundaries are cheek, lips, hard/soft palate

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19
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Space located between the lips and cheeks and the teeth

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20
Q

What is the oral cavity proper/

A

Space behind the teeth

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21
Q

What do the cheeks do?

A

Hold food in the mouth

Skin, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and an inner lining of moist nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

What do lips do?

A

formed by Orbicularis muscle which closes the mouth

Fold of the mucous membrane called the labial frenulum that attaches the lips to the gingiva

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23
Q

What does the tongue do?

A

Made of skeletal muscle
Extrinsic muscles - attached to various bones such as the mandible and hyoid bone
Intrinsic muscles - change the shape and size of the tongue to assist with speech and swallowing
Held to the floor of the oral cavity by a fold of mucous membrane called the lingual frenulum (if too short - tongue tied or anklyoglossia)
On the dorsum (upper surface) of the tongue are many small projections called papillae (taste receptors and touch receptors)
Helps mix food and holds it between the teeth
Back of the tongue contains lymphatic tissue, called lingual tonsils, which destroy bacteria and viruses

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24
Q

What is the hard palate in the roof of the mouth?

A

Formed by the maxillary and palatine bones

Covered by a mucous membrane and stratified squamous epithelium

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25
Q

What is the soft palate in the roof of the mouth?

A

Posterior to the hard palate
Formed by muscle and is also covered by a mucous membrane
Separates the oral from the nasal cavity

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26
Q

What is the uvula?

A

Projecting off the posterior aspect of the soft palate

Prevents food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing

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27
Q

What are the Lingual, palatine, and pharyngeal tonsils ?

A

protect the area from bacteria and viruses

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28
Q

Describe teeth

A

Incisors (most medial teeth), cut off food pieces
Cuspids (canines) are the sharpest teeth and they tear tough food
Premolars and molars are flatter, both are designed to grind food
Two sets of teeth
Primary or deciduous dentition (baby)
Secondary or permanent dentition (adult)

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29
Q

What are Salivary glands?

A

Secrete saliva, a mixture of water, enzymes, and mucus
Serous cells secrete a fluid made up mostly of water and also amylase
Mucous cells secrete mucus

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

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30
Q

What are serous cells?

A

cell in salivary gland

secrete a fluid made up mostly of water and also amylase

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31
Q

What are Mucous cells?

A

cell in salivary gland

secrete mucus

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32
Q

What is mass of mucous and serous cells?

A

Mass created by food mixed with the saliva and mucus mixture is called a bolus

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33
Q

What are parotid glands?

A

Salivary gland
largest ones
found under skin in front of ears
secrete serous saliva

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34
Q

What are submandibular glands?

A

Salivary gland
found on floor of mouth inside mandible
Secrete both serous and mucus

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35
Q

What are sublingual glands?

A

Salivary gland
smallest ones
under tongue

dry mouth - xerostomia

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36
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

also known as the throat
Long, muscular structure
Extends from the area behind the nose to the esophagus
Connects the nasal cavity with the oral cavity for breathing through the nose
Composed of skeletal muscle
Lined with a mucous membrane
Pushes food into esophagus

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37
Q

What are the divisions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx , behind the nasal cavity
Oropharynx , behind the oral cavity - part of both digestive and respiratory systems)
Laryngopharynx, behind the larynx- continues as the esophagus (part of both digestive and respiratory systems)

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38
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing - mostly a reflex

  • Soft palate rises, causing the uvula to cover the opening between the nasal and the oral cavities
  • Epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx
  • Tongue presses against the roof of the mouth, forcing food into the oropharynx
  • Muscles in the pharynx contract, forcing food toward the esophagus
  • Esophagus opens
  • Food is pushed into the esophagus by the muscles of the pharynx.
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39
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
Lies posterior to the trachea
Descends through the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity, through the diaphragm, and into the abdominal cavity
Opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes is called the esophageal hiatus (where hernias occur)
1st section- skeletal muscle 2nd - mix of smooth and skeletal 3rd - smooth muscle

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40
Q

What is a hernia?

A

when organ pushes through a wall that contains it

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41
Q

What is Upper esophageal sphincter ?

A

Skeletal muscle and controls food entering the esophagus from the laryngopharynx

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42
Q

What is the Lower esophageal sphincter ?

A

Smooth muscle and controls food entering the stomach from the esophagus

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43
Q

What is Mucosa?

A

1st layer of GI tract
GI tract inner lining
Enzyme and mucus- secreting epithelial tissue
Very active in absorbing nutrients

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44
Q

What is submucosa?

A

2nd layer of GI tract
Areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and a network of nerves called the submucosa plexus
Blood vessels that carry away absorbed nutrients

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45
Q

What is Muscularis?

A

3rd layer of GI tract
Smooth muscle, some areas also have skeletal muscle
Contracts to move materials through the canal

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46
Q

What is Serosa or peritoneum?

A

4th layer of GI tract
Outermost layer or adventita
Serous membrane with areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
Double-walled, outermost layer
Innermost wall is called the visceral peritoneum - keeps outside of SI moist
Outer layer is called the parietal peritoneum - abdominal lining

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47
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Below the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity
Cardiac region-Attached to the esophagus (first portion)
Fundus-Superior to the cardiac region (2nd portion)
Does not absorb alot (only h2o, alcoholm fat soluble drugs) , the small intestine does the absorption

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48
Q

What is the pylorus?

A

Narrow portion connected to the small intestine

Pyloric sphincter controls the movement of substances from the pylorus of the stomach into the small intestine

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49
Q

What are rugae?

A

Numerous folds on the inner lining of the stomach

Help churn and mix the gastric contents

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50
Q

What are gastric glands?

A

Mucous cells secrete mucus to protect the lining of the stomach against the acidic pH.
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, which is changed to pepsin in the presence of acid
Pepsip digests proteins .

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51
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, which is necessary to convert pepsinogen to pepsin.
Secrete intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B 12 absorption

When a person smells food, the parasympathetic NS stimulates gastric glands

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52
Q

How are gastric glands stimulated?

A

by Gastrin produced by the stomach

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53
Q

What inhibits gastric glands?

A

Hormone cholecystokinin made by the small intestine

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54
Q

What is Chyme?

A

Mixture of food and gastric juices
Once chyme is well mixed, stomach contractions push small amounts into the small intestine a little at a time
4-8hours to empty stomach

Gastronomy tube can be put into stomach if you cant swallow - Ensure drink

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55
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

Carries out most of the digestion in the body
Responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients into the bloodstream
First section is called the duodenum - receives secretions from pancreas
Middle portion is called the jejunum - if tummy removed J tube put in for feeding
Third portion is called the ileum - longest
Joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve

Mesentery
Holds the jejunum and ileum in the abdominal cavity
Mucosa
Enzyme and mucus- secreting epithelial tissue
Very active in absorbing nutrients
Submucosa
Blood vessels that carry away absorbed nutrients

56
Q

What is churning?

A

Churning mixes the substances in the canal.

57
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Found on the cells of the lining the small intestine

Fingerlike projections greatly increase the surface area

58
Q

What enzymes are secreted by small intestine?

A

Peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, and intestinal lipase

59
Q

What digests sugar?

A

Sucrase, maltase, and lactase

60
Q

Where does the small intestine end?

A

Ileocecal valve - control movement of Chyme from ileum to cecum

61
Q

Describe part of Large intestine

A

produces vitamin K
Cecum- Beginning of the large intestine
Cecum gives rise to the ascending colon
Runs up the right side of the abdominal cavity
Vermiform appendix- Projects off the cecum
Contains lymphoid tissue and has a role in immunity
ascending colon-starts in Appendix in RUQ
Makes a turn toward the midline called the hepatic flexure
Becomes the transverse colon as it horizontally crosses the abdominal cavity
Descending colon-turns down from the spleen on LUQ
Begins at the splenic flexure
Forms the S-shaped tube called the sigmoid colon

62
Q

What is sigmoid colon?

A

Forms the S-shaped tube connects to rectum

63
Q

What are the functions of large intestine?

A

Absorb water
Produce certain vitamins
Form and expel the feces from the body

64
Q

What is Gastritis?

A

Inflammation of stomach lining
Caused by bacteria or viruses, some medications, the use of alcohol, caffeine, spicy foods, excessive eating, poisons, and stress
Nausea, lack of appetite, heartburn, vomiting, and abdominal cramps
Avoid foods or medications that irritate the stomach lining, treatment with medications to reduce the production of stomach acids

65
Q

What is Heartburn or Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

A

When stomach acids are pushed into esophagus . If not treated GERD can cause erosion of esophagus
Alcohol, some foods, a defective cardiac sphincter, pregnancy, obesity, hiatal hernia, and repeated vomiting

Frequent burping, difficulty swallowing, pharyngitis, a burning sensation in the chest following meals and when lying down, nausea, and blood in the vomit

Losing weight, dietary changes, reducing alcohol intake, taking medications, and elevating the head and chest when lying down

66
Q

What are Hiatal Hernias ?

A

Portion of the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity through the diaphragm
Obesity and smoking are considered risk factors
Excessive burping, difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and heartburn
Weight reduction, medications to reduce the production of stomach acid, and surgical repair of the hernia

67
Q

What is stomach cancer

A

occurs mostly in uppermost portion - cardiac
Organism Helicobacter pylori has been implicated as well as polyps, some types of atrophic gastritis, and diets high in salt or nitrates.
Frequent bloating, loss of appetite, early satiety, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, excessive gas, and blood in the feces
Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgical removal of the tumor

68
Q

What are Gastric or Stomach Ulcers

A

When lining of stomach breaks down
Caused by bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori, smoking, alcohol, excessive aspirin use, and hypersecretion of stomach acid
Nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and weight loss
Antibiotics, medications to reduce stomach acid production, surgery to remove the affected portion of the stomach, and a vagotomy

69
Q

What is Crohns ?

A

Type of inflammatory bowel disease. Terminal ileitis
Evidence suggests a genetic component and an autoimmune component.
Abdominal pain and diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss due to malnutrition, joint pain, skin problems, and febrile episodes
Change the patient’s diet, medications to reduce inflammation, and bowel rest where intravenous feedings are given so the patient’s digestive system is not used and so “rests

70
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

Watery poops
Caused by bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections; ingestion of toxins; food allergies; ulcers; Crohn’s disease; laxative use; antibiotics; chemotherapy; and radiation therapy
Abdominal cramps, watery feces, and the frequent passage of feces
Drink clear fluids to prevent dehydration and antidiarrheal medications

71
Q

What is colitis ?

A

Inflammation of large intestine
Caused by a viral or bacterial infection or the use of antibiotics
Abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea
In advanced cases, surgery to remove the affected area of the colon, known as a colectomy, may be recommended.
If too much of the colon is affected, a colostomy may be performed.

72
Q

What is Colorectal Cancer ?

A

Arises from lining of rectum or colon
Over 60 years of age, a first-degree relative who had colorectal cancer, certain ethnicities, diet high in fat and low in fiber, as well as smoking and alcohol
Anemia, unintended weight loss, abdominal pain, blood in the feces, narrow “pencil-like” feces, or changes in bowel habits
Chemotherapy, and surgery to remove a cancerous tumor

73
Q

What is constipation?

A

hard to poop
Causes are a lack of physical activity, lack of adequate fiber and water in the diet, use of certain medications
Infrequent bowel movements, bloating, abdominal pain and pain during bowel movements, hard feces, and blood on the surface of feces
Increase in dietary fiber, adequate fluid intake, regular exercise, and the use of stool softeners, laxatives, and enemas

74
Q

What is Diverticulitis ?

A

Inflammation of the diverticuli in the intestine
Causes are mostly unknown.
Fever, nausea, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, blood in the feces, and a high white blood cell count
Diet high in fiber, antibiotics, and keeping a food diary to track foods that cause flare-ups
Peanuts and seeds aggravate it

75
Q

What are Inguinal Hernias ?

A

when Large intestine protudes into the inguinal canal
Caused by weak muscles in the abdominal walls
Lump in the groin or scrotum, or pain in the groin area that gets worse when bending or straining
Pain medications and surgery to repair the hernia

76
Q

What is Appendicitis?

A

Caused by blockage of the appendix with feces or tumor, infection, or other idiopathic cause
Lack of appetite, pain in the right lower quadrant, nausea, slight fever, and an increased white blood cell count
Antibiotics to prevent infection and appendectomy

77
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

Varicose veins of rectum or anus
Caused by constipation, excessive straining during bowel movements, liver disease, pregnancy, and obesity
Itching of the anal area, painful bowel movements, bright red blood on feces, and varicosities that protrude from the anus
Eating a high-fiber diet and drinking adequate water, stool softeners, medications to reduce the inflammation, and surgical removal

78
Q

Describe the pancreas

A

Accessory organ - behind the stomach
Head, a body, and a tail
Endocrine and exocrine in function
Only 1 percent of the pancreas is endocrine and 99percent is exocrine
Exocrine function
Pancreatic acinar cells that produce pancreatic juice
Ultimately flows through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum

79
Q

What does the pancreatic juice contain

A

Secretes juices into duodenum.
Contains
pancreatic amylase-mylase digests carbs. Salivary amylase is inactivated by stomach acids thats why the pancreatic one is needed
pancreatic lipase -digests lipids
pancreatic nucleases - digests nucleic acids
pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase - digests proteins
bicarbonate ions - to neutralize acids

80
Q

What system is the pancreas part of ? Para or sympa?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system
Causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions into the duodenum which neutralize the acidicchyme arriving from the stomach

81
Q

Where do secretin and cholecystokinin come from?

A

Come from the small intestine and stimulate the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

82
Q

Describe the liver

A

Largest visceral organ in the body
URQ
Enclosed by a tough fibrous capsule
Capsule divides the liver into a large right lobe and a smaller left lobe by a fold of mesentery called the falciform ligament
Each lobe is separated into smaller divisions called hepatic lobules
Branches of the hepatic portal vein carry blood from the digestive organs to the hepatic lobules

83
Q

What do the lobules in the liver contain?

A

Each lobule contains many cells called hepatocytes.
Hepatocytes process the nutrients in blood and make bile, which is used in the emulsification of fats.
Bile leaves the liver through the hepatic duct.
Hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct
Delivers bile to the duodenum

84
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism
Storage of excess glucose as glycogen, triglycerides, as well as vitamins A, B 12, D, E, and K
Synthesis of cholesterol and bile
Produces many proteins, including albumin and fibrinogen
Metabolizes and detoxifies many substances
Kupffer cells, phagocytize red and white blood cells and bacteria

85
Q

Describe the gall bladder

A

accessory organ - pear shaped
Its function is to store bile.
Bile leaves through the cystic duct.
Salts in bile emulsify large fat globules into smaller ones.
Bile salts also increase the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins into the bloodstream.

86
Q

What is the gastric phase of digestion

A

Neural and hormonal control
-Regulation of neural and hormonal control
Stretch and chemical receptors in the stomach activate the parasympathetic system to increase gastric secretions and increase peristalsis and emptying of the stomach

87
Q

What is the Intestinal phase of digestion?

A

Neural and hormonal regulation

It inhibits gastric emptying to allow the small intestine time to absorb the nutrients that enter it

88
Q

What is the Cephalic phase of digestion?

A

starts in the cerebral cortex
Thought, sight, or smell of food as well as the taste of food can activate the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and brain stem
Cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve, and cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, stimulate the secretion of saliva
Cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve, stimulates the stomach to secrete gastric juices

89
Q

What is Pancreatic Cancer?

A

4th leading cause of cancer
Risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, increased age, race, being male, and a history of pancreatitis
Depression, fatigue, lack of appetite, nausea or vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, jaundice, and unintended weight loss
Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgical removal of the tumor

90
Q

What is Hepatitis?

A

liver inflammation
Two major causes of hepatitis are alcohol and viruses
Other causes include bacteria, parasites, immune disorders, and an overdose of acetaminophen
Mild fever, bloating, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, and jaundice, the itching of various body parts, an enlarged liver, dark urine, and gynecomastia- boobs in males

91
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

chronic liver disease when liver tissue is replaced with nonfunctional scar tissue
Chronic alcoholism is the primary cause
Other causes include hepatitis B and C infections, certain immune disorders, and exposure to toxic metals
Anemia, fatigue, mental confusion, fever, vomiting, blood in the vomit, hepatomegaly, jaundice, unintended weight loss, edema, ascites, abdominal pain, decreased urine output, and pale feces
Alcohol consumption should be discontinued
Liver transplant

92
Q

What is Cholelithiasis?

A

gall stones, types - cholesterol and pigment stones
Causes of gallstone formation may be due to too much cholesterol in the bile, too much bilirubin in the bile, or inadequate emptying of the gallbladder
Asymptomatic or may have terrible pain in the abdomen if the gallstones become lodged in a duct
Cholecystecomy is the most common treatment, but medications may be used

93
Q

What are LDLs?

A

VLDLs are converted to LDLs
Made up of the same four substances as VLDLs
Have a higher percentage of proteins and cholesterol
Cholesterol in LDLs is considered “bad” cholesterol
Deposited in arteries and is responsible for arteriosclerosis

94
Q

What are VLDLs?

A

Consist of proteins, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol
Made in the liver
Transport triglycerides to adipose tissue for storage

95
Q

What are HDLs?

A

Have the highest percentage of proteins
HDLs transport cholesterol to the liver for elimination
Considered “good” cholesterol

96
Q

What a cholesterol and its limit?

A

Cholesterol
Obtained from the foods we eat and from synthesis by the liver
Total cholesterol in an adult should be less than 200 mg/dL of blood
LDL cholesterol less than 130 mg/dL
HDL at least 40 mg/dL

97
Q

Why are lipids important?

A

Lipids are essential for life.
Necessary for cell membranes
Hormone production
Blood clotting
Myelin production
Excess lipids are stored in adipose tissue.
Helps cushion organs and hold them in place, and acts as an insulator

98
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

Cause may be dietary, but more often there is a genetic component
Cholesterol deposited around the eyelids, the iris of the eye, tendons of the hands, elbows, knees, and feet
Condition puts individuals at risk for heart disease
Diet low in fat, statins, and bile acid sequestrants

99
Q

What is catabolism?

A

As proteins are broken down, amino acids may be recycled or converted into glucose or lipids, or used to synthesize ATP.

Breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules
Give off more energy than they consume

100
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Anabolism of amino acids involves the formation of new chemical bonds

Anabolic reactions
Synthesis of substances
Require energy

101
Q

What is Basal metabolic rate (BMR

A

Amount of energy being used in a resting state

Determined by measuring the amount of oxygen used per kilocalorie of food utilized

102
Q

How does body temperature affect you?

A

Allows the body to maintain a stable body temperature of 37°C
Hormones and the nervous system affect body temperature.
Heat is lost from the body through evaporation, conduction, radiation, and convection.
Hypothalamus is the control center for temperature regulation

103
Q

What is needed for a balanced diet ?

A

One gram of protein or carbohydrate provides 4.1 calories of energy, whereas 1 gram of lipid produces 9.5 calories

104
Q

Vitamin D

A

Essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the GI tract

105
Q

Vitamin A

A

Fat soluble Essential for epithelial cells, acts as an antioxidant, participates in the formation of photoreceptors in the eye, and helps with bone and tooth development

106
Q

Vitamin K

A

Fat soluble -Involved in blood clotting

107
Q

Vitamin E

A

Fat soluble -Antioxidant and also participates in the formation of red blood cells, DNA, and RNA
Involved in normal functioning of the nervous system

108
Q

Vitamin C

A

Fat soluble - Antioxidant and is involved in wound healing, is important for the synthesis of collagen, and acts as a coenzyme in many reactions

109
Q

Folic Acid

A

Water soluble - Important for many enzyme systems and the development of the nervous system

110
Q

Vitamin B2(riboflavin)

A

Water soluble - Coenzyme in metabolic reactions and carbohydrate and protein metabolism

111
Q

Niacin

A

Water soluble - Essential in many metabolic reactions

112
Q

Vitamin B6(pyridoxine)

A

Water soluble - Important coenzyme

113
Q

Vitamin B12(cobalamin)

A

Water soluble - Coenzyme in the Krebs cycle and red blood cell formation

114
Q

Calcium

A

Most abundant mineral in the body

Nerve transmission, muscle activity, blood clotting, and cellular activity

115
Q

Phosphorus

A

Metabolic reactions, buffering blood pH, part of DNA and RNA, and production of ATP

116
Q

Potassium

A

Most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid

Generation of nerve impulses

117
Q

Sulfur

A

Production of ATP and is part of several hormones and vitamins

118
Q

Sodium

A

Generation of action potentials and helps in water regulation

119
Q

Chloride

A

Necessary for digestion, buffering blood pH, and water balance in the body

120
Q

Iron

A

Trace - Component of hemoglobin

121
Q

Iodide

A

Trace -Synthesis of thyroid hormones

122
Q

Cobalt

A

Trace -Component of vitamin B12

123
Q

Chromium

A

Trace -Helps with insulin activity

124
Q

Copper

A

Trace -Coenzyme in several metabolic reactions

125
Q

Fluoride

A

Trace -Component of bone and teeth

126
Q

Magnesium

A

Coenzyme and is required for the functioning of muscle and nervous tissue

127
Q

Zinc

A

Trace -Sensation of taste, wound healing, and various metabolic reactions

128
Q

Manganese

A

Trace -Metabolic reactions

129
Q

Selenium

A

Trace -Antioxidant

130
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Too little protein in the diet
Common disorder seen in Africa where there may be sufficient calories in the diet but there is inadequate protein
Ascites, hepatomegaly, hypotension, and delayed mental and physical development

131
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Both protein and calorie insufficiency

Emaciation, muscle wasting, delayed growth, and death

132
Q

Tests

A
  • Amylase
  • Bilirubin
  • Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
  • Carotene
  • Cholesterol/Triglycerides
  • CBC
  • Glucose
  • Lipase
  • Occult blood
  • Ova and Parasite
  • Hgb A1C
133
Q

what gene mutation causes cystic fibrosis

A

cftr

134
Q

what organs are on the left side of the body

A

heart, stomach, left kidney and spleen

135
Q

extra glucose is converted into

A

glycerol and fatty acids

136
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

hese conditions include increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

Anatomy (20 decks)

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