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Anatomy > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of body structure . Position of body structures

eg The heart is hollow

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of function

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3
Q

What are the Branches of anatomy -

A

Gross Anatomy-Study of large or gross structures, done through dissection and visible inspection
Microscopic Anatomy ( 2 parts)
Cytology –study of structure, function and cell development
Histology-study of tissues and organs
Developmental Anatomy-studies growth and development, e.g.- embryology
Comparative Anatomy-Comparison of human body to that of the animals
Systematic Anatomy-The study of structure and functions of various organs e.g. Dermatology (skin, hair and nails)

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

Functional activity of a cell that result in growth ,digestion, absorption and secretions resulting in the release of energy-2 processes

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5
Q

Anabolism:

A

building up of complex materials from simple material, e.g. food

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6
Q

Catabolism:

A

The breaking down and changing of complex materials into simpler ones with the release of energy and CO2

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

Relative consistency of the body’s internal environment
Dynamic equilibrium -Body conditions must remain stable
Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree

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8
Q

What happens if homeostasis fails?

A

Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body
Systemic disease – affects several organ systems or the entire body
Acute diseases – occur suddenly and last a short time
Chronic diseases – develop slowly and are long term

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9
Q

Classify the organization of the body from the chemical level to the organism

A 
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organs
Organ system
Organism
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10
Q

Atoms

A

Matter is anything that takes up space and has weight
Required for life: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S)
which all can combine to make water, glucose, proteins, and DNA

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11
Q

Cell

A

Basic structural and functional unit of life is the cell

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12
Q

Tissues and what are the four types

A

When cells act together to perform a specific function, the next level of organization is classified as a tissue
Four basic types of tissues in the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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13
Q

Muscle tissue types, function and location

A

Skeletal Muscle - look cylindercal with striations and lots of nuclei . They move throughout the body wherever voluntary movement takes place. Functions: Movement of body parts
Cardiac- Short branching cells with striations and single nucleus. Partake in intercellular communication between cells. Location: Heart. Function: Heart contraction for blood circluation
Smooth muscle: Short taper cells no striations and single nucleus . Location: Walls of blood vessels and walls of hollow organs like stomach and uterus Function: Maintains blood vessel diameter. Controls food movement through digestive tract, urine in urinary system, egg and sperm in reproductive tract

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14
Q

Epithelial tissue type, function and location

A

Flat cells, cuboidal, columnar or transitional, can be arranged in a simple layer , stratified , or pseudostratified.
Locations: body surface and cavities. Makes up skin and lining of digestive tract

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15
Q

Connective tissue type, function and location

A

Most abundant and varied, consists of cells and intracellular matrix
Locations: Throughout body, bone, cartilage, blood and collagen .
Functions: Movement , storage of minerals, transport f oxygen and CO, energy source, protection and support

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16
Q

Nervous tissue type, function and location

A

Neurons and neuroglia
Location: Brain , spinal cord and nerves
Functions: Receives, integrates, responds to various internal and external stimuli

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17
Q

Organ and organ system

A

Structure formed by organization of two or more different tissue types that work together to carry out specific functions
Organ system - Organs join together to carry out vital functions

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18
Q

Interaugmentary System: Function and Consists of

A

Function- Sense organ, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, produces vitamin D precursors
Consists of: skin, hair, nails and sweat glands

19
Q

Skeletal system: Function and Consists of

A

Function: provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fat
Consists of: bones, cartilage, ligament, joints

20
Q

Muscular System: Function and Consists of

A

Function: Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat
Consists of muscles attached to skeleton

21
Q

Lymphatic System: Function and Consists of

A 
Function: Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs fat from digestive tract
Consists of: tonsils
thymus
lymph nodes
spleen
22
Q

Respiratory System: Function and Consists of

A 
Function: Exchanges O2 and CO2 between blood, air and regulates blood pH 
Consists of: nose
nasal cavity 
trachea
lungs 
bronchi
pharynx 
larynx
23
Q

Digestive System: Function and Consists of

A 
Function: Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, adsorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste
Consists of: Pharynx
mouth
salivary glands
esophagus
stomach
pancreas
small intestine 
large intestine
live
gallbladder
appendix
rectum
anus
24
Q

Nervous System : Function and Consists of

A

Function: Major regulatory system that detects sensations, controls movements, intellectual functions
Consists of: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves and Sensory receptors

25
Q

Endocrine System: Function and Consists of

A 
Functions: Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction
Consists of: hypothalumus 
pineal body
pituitary
parathyroids
thyroid
thymus
adrenals
pancreas
testes
ovaries
26
Q

Cardiovascular System : Function and Consists of

A

Functions: Transports , nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body, body temp regulation, immune response
Consists of: Heart, blood, vessels, blood

27
Q

Urinary System: Function and Consists of

A 
Functions: Removes waste product from blood, regulates pH, ion balance, water balance
Consists of: kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
28
Q

Female Reproductive System: Function and Consists of

A

Functions: Produces oocytes, fertilization site, fetal development , produces hormones
Consists of: Mammary glands, vagina , uterus

29
Q

Male Reproductive System: Function and Consists of

A

Function: Produces and transfers sperm cells to female

Consists of: Testes, Ducts, Penis

30
Q

What are the different Body Cavities

A

Dorsal- on posterior or towards the back. Divided into Cranial (close to head) and Spinal
Ventral - Towards the front . Divided into thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

31
Q

What is the thoracic cavity divided into and what is located there.

A

The thoracic cavity is divided into pleural cavities - pericardial cavity and mediastinum .
Lungs are in the plueral cavities
Heart in the pericardial cavity

32
Q

What is the Mediastinum

A

It is a space located between the two lungs laterally

33
Q

What is the abdominoplevic cavity divided into?

A

Superior abdominal cavity -organs, gall bladder, intestines

Inferior pelvic cavity - Rectum, Urinary tract

34
Q

Where is the Antecubital

A

depressed area in the front of the elbow

Where blood is taken

35
Q

Where is the Antebrachial

A

between the wrist and the elbow

36
Q

Where is the Brachial

A

upper arm

37
Q

Where is the Buccal

A

inside the cheeks

38
Q

Where is the Planter

A

sole of the feet

39
Q

Nine Regions of the abdominal area

A 
Right Hypochondriac Region
Epigastric region 
Left Hypochondriac Region
Right Lumbar Region 
Umbilical Region 
Left Lumbar Region 
Right iliac (inguinal) Region 
Hypogastric region 
Left iliac (inguinal) region
40
Q

What is the Supine position?

A

lying face upward (on back/spine)

41
Q

What is the Prone position?

A

lying face downwards(on stomach)

42
Q

What are the different planes of the body

A

Sagittal or median) plane – divides body into right and left portions
Frontal or coronal) plane – divides body into anterior (frontal/front) and posterior ( rear/back
Transverse or horizontal) plane – divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

43
Q

Name all directional terms

A
  • Anterior (ventral)- toward the front or on the front of the body e.g. the knees
  • Posterior (dorsal)-toward the back or on the back of the body, e.g. the heart vs sternum
  • Superior (cranial)-close to the head or upper body, e.g. lung vs diaphragm
  • Inferior (caudal)-away from the head or close to the feet, e.g. neck vs head
  • Superficial( external)-near the surface or outside, e.g blood is drawn from superficial veins
  • Deep (internal)-away from the body surface-structures on the inside e.g. internal organ such as the spleen
  • Central-situated around the centre of the body(torso & head) or organ, e.g. CNS location
  • Peripheral-situated away from the centre of an organ or body, e.g. peripheral nervous system (outside)vs central nervous system. Arms and legs
  • Medial-close to the middle of the body, e.g. nose vs ear
  • Lateral-away from the midline or on the side, e.g. ears vs nose
  • Proximal-closer to the point of attachment or trunk (torso), e.g. knees vs toes
  • Distal-away from the point of attachment or trunk, e.g fingers vs elbow
  • Ipsilateral- body parts located on the same side e.g the right hand vs right foot
  • Contralateral-body parts located on the opposite sides e.g the right hand vs left foot
44
Q

What are the regions of the body

A

Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk
Trunk-thorax, abdomen and pelvis
Appendicular portion – upper and lower limbs

Anatomy (20 decks)

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