Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of body structure . Position of body structures
eg The heart is hollow
Physiology
Study of function
What are the Branches of anatomy -
Gross Anatomy-Study of large or gross structures, done through dissection and visible inspection
Microscopic Anatomy ( 2 parts)
Cytology –study of structure, function and cell development
Histology-study of tissues and organs
Developmental Anatomy-studies growth and development, e.g.- embryology
Comparative Anatomy-Comparison of human body to that of the animals
Systematic Anatomy-The study of structure and functions of various organs e.g. Dermatology (skin, hair and nails)
Metabolism
Functional activity of a cell that result in growth ,digestion, absorption and secretions resulting in the release of energy-2 processes
Anabolism:
building up of complex materials from simple material, e.g. food
Catabolism:
The breaking down and changing of complex materials into simpler ones with the release of energy and CO2
Homeostasis
Relative consistency of the body’s internal environment
Dynamic equilibrium -Body conditions must remain stable
Illness results if internal conditions change to any great degree
What happens if homeostasis fails?
Local disease – restricted to a specific part of the body
Systemic disease – affects several organ systems or the entire body
Acute diseases – occur suddenly and last a short time
Chronic diseases – develop slowly and are long term
Classify the organization of the body from the chemical level to the organism
Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organs Organ system Organism
Atoms
Matter is anything that takes up space and has weight
Required for life: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S)
which all can combine to make water, glucose, proteins, and DNA
Cell
Basic structural and functional unit of life is the cell
Tissues and what are the four types
When cells act together to perform a specific function, the next level of organization is classified as a tissue
Four basic types of tissues in the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Muscle tissue types, function and location
Skeletal Muscle - look cylindercal with striations and lots of nuclei . They move throughout the body wherever voluntary movement takes place. Functions: Movement of body parts
Cardiac- Short branching cells with striations and single nucleus. Partake in intercellular communication between cells. Location: Heart. Function: Heart contraction for blood circluation
Smooth muscle: Short taper cells no striations and single nucleus . Location: Walls of blood vessels and walls of hollow organs like stomach and uterus Function: Maintains blood vessel diameter. Controls food movement through digestive tract, urine in urinary system, egg and sperm in reproductive tract
Epithelial tissue type, function and location
Flat cells, cuboidal, columnar or transitional, can be arranged in a simple layer , stratified , or pseudostratified.
Locations: body surface and cavities. Makes up skin and lining of digestive tract
Connective tissue type, function and location
Most abundant and varied, consists of cells and intracellular matrix
Locations: Throughout body, bone, cartilage, blood and collagen .
Functions: Movement , storage of minerals, transport f oxygen and CO, energy source, protection and support
Nervous tissue type, function and location
Neurons and neuroglia
Location: Brain , spinal cord and nerves
Functions: Receives, integrates, responds to various internal and external stimuli
Organ and organ system
Structure formed by organization of two or more different tissue types that work together to carry out specific functions
Organ system - Organs join together to carry out vital functions
Interaugmentary System: Function and Consists of
Function- Sense organ, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, produces vitamin D precursors
Consists of: skin, hair, nails and sweat glands
Skeletal system: Function and Consists of
Function: provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fat
Consists of: bones, cartilage, ligament, joints
Muscular System: Function and Consists of
Function: Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat
Consists of muscles attached to skeleton
Lymphatic System: Function and Consists of
Function: Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs fat from digestive tract Consists of: tonsils thymus lymph nodes spleen
Respiratory System: Function and Consists of
Function: Exchanges O2 and CO2 between blood, air and regulates blood pH Consists of: nose nasal cavity trachea lungs bronchi pharynx larynx
Digestive System: Function and Consists of
Function: Performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, adsorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste Consists of: Pharynx mouth salivary glands esophagus stomach pancreas small intestine large intestine live gallbladder appendix rectum anus
Nervous System : Function and Consists of
Function: Major regulatory system that detects sensations, controls movements, intellectual functions
Consists of: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves and Sensory receptors
Endocrine System: Function and Consists of
Functions: Influences metabolism, growth, reproduction Consists of: hypothalumus pineal body pituitary parathyroids thyroid thymus adrenals pancreas testes ovaries
Cardiovascular System : Function and Consists of
Functions: Transports , nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body, body temp regulation, immune response
Consists of: Heart, blood, vessels, blood
Urinary System: Function and Consists of
Functions: Removes waste product from blood, regulates pH, ion balance, water balance Consists of: kidney ureter urinary bladder urethra
Female Reproductive System: Function and Consists of
Functions: Produces oocytes, fertilization site, fetal development , produces hormones
Consists of: Mammary glands, vagina , uterus
Male Reproductive System: Function and Consists of
Function: Produces and transfers sperm cells to female
Consists of: Testes, Ducts, Penis
What are the different Body Cavities
Dorsal- on posterior or towards the back. Divided into Cranial (close to head) and Spinal
Ventral - Towards the front . Divided into thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
What is the thoracic cavity divided into and what is located there.
The thoracic cavity is divided into pleural cavities - pericardial cavity and mediastinum .
Lungs are in the plueral cavities
Heart in the pericardial cavity
What is the Mediastinum
It is a space located between the two lungs laterally
What is the abdominoplevic cavity divided into?
Superior abdominal cavity -organs, gall bladder, intestines
Inferior pelvic cavity - Rectum, Urinary tract
Where is the Antecubital
depressed area in the front of the elbow
Where blood is taken
Where is the Antebrachial
between the wrist and the elbow
Where is the Brachial
upper arm
Where is the Buccal
inside the cheeks
Where is the Planter
sole of the feet
Nine Regions of the abdominal area
Right Hypochondriac Region Epigastric region Left Hypochondriac Region Right Lumbar Region Umbilical Region Left Lumbar Region Right iliac (inguinal) Region Hypogastric region Left iliac (inguinal) region
What is the Supine position?
lying face upward (on back/spine)
What is the Prone position?
lying face downwards(on stomach)
What are the different planes of the body
Sagittal or median) plane – divides body into right and left portions
Frontal or coronal) plane – divides body into anterior (frontal/front) and posterior ( rear/back
Transverse or horizontal) plane – divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
Name all directional terms
- Anterior (ventral)- toward the front or on the front of the body e.g. the knees
- Posterior (dorsal)-toward the back or on the back of the body, e.g. the heart vs sternum
- Superior (cranial)-close to the head or upper body, e.g. lung vs diaphragm
- Inferior (caudal)-away from the head or close to the feet, e.g. neck vs head
- Superficial( external)-near the surface or outside, e.g blood is drawn from superficial veins
- Deep (internal)-away from the body surface-structures on the inside e.g. internal organ such as the spleen
- Central-situated around the centre of the body(torso & head) or organ, e.g. CNS location
- Peripheral-situated away from the centre of an organ or body, e.g. peripheral nervous system (outside)vs central nervous system. Arms and legs
- Medial-close to the middle of the body, e.g. nose vs ear
- Lateral-away from the midline or on the side, e.g. ears vs nose
- Proximal-closer to the point of attachment or trunk (torso), e.g. knees vs toes
- Distal-away from the point of attachment or trunk, e.g fingers vs elbow
- Ipsilateral- body parts located on the same side e.g the right hand vs right foot
- Contralateral-body parts located on the opposite sides e.g the right hand vs left foot
What are the regions of the body
Axial portion – head, neck, and trunk
Trunk-thorax, abdomen and pelvis
Appendicular portion – upper and lower limbs
