Chapter 15- Translation Flashcards
Neurospora crassa can grow on minimal media because it is self-feeding and can synthesize all biological molecules
Prototrophic
This mutant Neurospora cannot grow in minimal media due to defects in specific biosynthetic pathways
Auxotrophic
The part of the amino acid that is unique to each amino acid
Radical (R) Group
The two parts of an amino acid that are the same for all amino acids
Amino group and Carboxyl group
The bond type that is formed between the amino acids during translation
Peptide bond
The terminus that corresponds to the 5’ end of the mRNA, that has the amino group
N-terminus
The terminus that corresponds to the 3’ end of the mRNA, has the carboxyl group
C-terminus
The level of protein structure that is determined by the codons in the mRNA
Primary Structure
The level of protein structure that is determined by the interactions between different amino acids
Secondary Structure
The level of protein structure that is determined by interactions between different domains of secondary structure
Tertiary Structure
The level of protein structure that is determined by the association of two or more polypeptides
Quaternary Structure
The codons that encode amino acids, doesn’t include the stop codon
Sense codon
The characteristic of codons that means it each codon only specifies one amino acid
Unambiguous
The characteristic of codons that means the reading frame is set by the first codon used in translation
Non-overlapping
The characteristic of codons that means that most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon
Degenerate (redundant)
The characteristic of codons that means the same codons are used in nearly all organisms
Nearly Universal
Codons that specify the same amino acid
Synonymous codons
Different tRNAs that carry the same amino acids but have different anticodons
Isoaccepting tRNAs
The stop codons
UGA, UAA, UAG
The start codon
AUG
The non-overlapping reading of triple nucleotide sequence
Reading Frame
A DNA sequence with a long stretch of codons in the same reading frame that is not interrupted by stop codons, suggests the presence of a gene
Open Reading Frame
The protein that catalyzes the addition of the correct amino acid to the 3’ end of a tRNA by recognizing certain positions that differ on different tRNA molecules
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (tRNA synthetases)
The length of a tRNA
80 nt
A tRNa before an amino acid is added
Uncharged tRNA
A tRNA after an amino acid is added to is by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Charged tRNA
The part of the large ribosomal subunit that catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds
Peptidyl Transferase
The part of the ribsome that has peptidyl transferase activity
Large subunit
The part of the ribosome that bind to mRNA
Small subunit
The 5’ side of the codon, where the uncharged tRNA exits
Exit (E) site
The site where new peptide bonds are formed between the growing polypeptide and the amino acid in the A site
Peptidyl (P) site
The 3’ side of the ribosome, that accepts charged tRNA
Aminoacyl (A) site
The assembly of ribosome subunits at the start codon (AUG) for translation
Initation
The sequential addition of amino acids to the C-terminus of a growing polypeptide, where ribosomes move 5’’ to 3’ along mRNA
Elongation
When polypeptide synthesis stops at the sop codons that are in from with the start codon, required release factors
Termination
In bacteria, the methionine of the initiator tRNA is
formylated (f-Met)
The sequence complementary to part of the 16S rRNA sequence in bacteria, part of initiation of translation
Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
The first step of initiation of translation in bacteria, where the small subunit and an IF bind to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, and tRNAfMet is positioned on the AUG
Formation of the 30S initiation complex
The second step of initiation of translation in bacteria, when all IFs dissociate, GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, and the large subunit joins the 30S complex
Formation of the 70S initiation complex
A sequence that can determine which start codon is the initiator in eukaryotes
Kozak sequence
The part of the first step in the elongation stage of translation, which a charged tRNA is bound to when it enters the A site
Elongation factor (EF)
mRNA in the process of being translated by multiple ribosomes
Polyribosome
