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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 15- Sensory Pathways & SNS > Flashcards

Chapter 15- Sensory Pathways & SNS Flashcards

0
Q

Perception

A

The conscious awareness of a sensation

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1
Q

Sensation: __________ information

A

Arriving

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2
Q

Special senses

A
  • Olfaction
  • Vision
  • Gustation
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium
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3
Q

General senses: Sensitivity to

A
  • Temp
  • Pain
  • Touch
  • Pressure
  • Vibration
  • Proprioception
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4
Q

Proprioception

A

Awareness of body position (bones, joints, muscles)

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5
Q

Transduction

A

Translation of a sensation into an action potential that can be conducted to the CNS

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6
Q

Receptor potential

A

When a stimulus changes the transmembrane potential of a receptor cell

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7
Q

Receptor potential can either be ________?

A

Graded depolarization or graded hyperpolarization

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8
Q

Generator potential (definition):

A

A depolarizing potential in the sensory neuron

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9
Q

Where do action potentials develop?

A

In the axon of a sensory neuron

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10
Q

Receptor specificity

A

Each receptor has a characteristic sensitivity

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11
Q

Receptor specificity (example):

A

Tongue receptors respond to taste

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12
Q

Receptive field

A

Specific area monitored by receptor cell

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13
Q

The ________ a receptive field the ________ your ability to localize a stimulus

A

Larger; Less

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14
Q

Tonic receptors

A

AKA slow-adapting receptors; ALWAYS active

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15
Q

Tonic receptors (example):

A

Nociceptors (pain)

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16
Q

Phasic receptors

A
  • AKA fast-adapting receptors; Normally INACTIVE, becomes active for short time when change occurs
  • Provides info about intensity and rate of change of a stimulus
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17
Q

Phasic receptors (example):

A

Thermoreceptors (cold+warm)

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18
Q

afferent (sensory; up and in)

A

brings information from the body’s periphery TOWARD THE BRAIN

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19
Q

Efferent (motor; down and out)

A

they bring the responses FROM THE BRAIN to the muscles and the glands

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20
Q

Labeled line

A

Link btw peripheral receptor and cortical neuron

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21
Q

Cortical

A

From the cortex

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22
Q

Each labeled line consists of ________?

A

Axons carrying info about one modality (type of stimulus); CNS interprets the modality entirely on the basis of the labeled line over which it arrives

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23
Q

Labeled line (example):

A

When you rub your eyes, you usually see flashes of light; stimulus is mechanical (pressure)

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24
Q

The inventory of the active labeled line _______

A

Indicates the type of stimulus.

Where it arrives within the sensory cortex determines its perceived location

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25
Q

Adaptation (definition):

A

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus

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26
Q

Peripheral adaptation

A

Occurs when the level of receptor activity changes; reduces the amount of info that reaches the CNS

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27
Q

Central adaptation occurs _______?

A

Along sensory pathways of the CNS

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28
Q

Central adaptation usually involves ________?

A

Inhibition of nuclei along a sensory pathway

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29
Q

Central adaptation (example):

A

Becoming used to a newly exposed smell

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30
Q

Nociceptors (general sense)

A
  • Pain

* free nerve ending w/ large receptive fields

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31
Q

Nociceptors: commonly found in ________?

A
  • Superficial skin
  • joint capsules
  • walls of blood vessels
  • periostea of bones
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32
Q

Nociceptors; sensitive to _______?

A
  • extremes of temp
  • mechanical damage
  • dissolved chemical
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33
Q

Types of axons

A

Type A and Type C fibers

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34
Q

Type A

A

Carry sensations of FAST pain

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35
Q

Type A (example):

A

Injection site or deep cut

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36
Q

Type C

A

Carry sensation of SLOW pain

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37
Q

Type C (example):

A

Burning or aching pain

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38
Q

Thermoreceptors

A
  • Temp and phasic receptors

* free nerve endings

39
Q

Free nerve endings (FNE)

A

Afferent; relay info from the body to brain

40
Q

Thermoreceptors (location):

A
  • The dermis
  • skeletal muscles
  • liver
  • hypothalamus
41
Q

Thermoreceptors; ______ receptors are ______ times more numerous than ______ receptors

A

Cold
3 or 4
Warm

42
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A
  • Sensitive to stimuli that distort their cell membranes

* Respond to distortion of the membrane

43
Q

Mechanoreceptors (3 Classes):

A
  • Tactile receptors
  • Baroreceptors
  • Proprioceptors
44
Q

Tactile receptors

A

Provides sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration

45
Q

Tactile receptors (examples):

A
  • Root of hair plexus

* Tactile discs

46
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive, & urinary tracts

47
Q

Proprioceptor

A
  • Monitors position of joints, the tension in tendons, and ligaments and the state of muscular contraction
  • Doesn’t adapt to constant stimulation
48
Q

Proprioceptors (3 major groups):

A
  • Muscle Spindles
  • Golgi Tendon Organs
  • Receptors in Joint Capsules
49
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Monitor skeletal muscle length and trigger stretch reflexes

50
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Monitor external tension developed during muscle contraction; stimulated by tension in tendon

51
Q

Receptors in Joint Capsules

A

Joint capsules are innervated by FNE that detect pressure, tension, and movement at the joint

52
Q

Chemoreceptors (chemicals)

A
  • Specialized nerve cells

* can detect small changes in the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds (H+, monitor CO2 levels)

53
Q

Chemoreceptors (location):

A

Brain stem centers of the brain, carotid bodies, and aortic bodies

54
Q

Somatic Sensory Pathways

A

Carry info FROM the skin and muscles of the body wall, head, neck, and limbs

55
Q

First order neuron

A

Sensory neuron that delivers sensations to the CNS

56
Q

First order neuron (location):

A

Cell body located in DORSAL ROOT GANGLION or a CRANIAL NERVE GANGLION

57
Q

Second order neuron (location):

A

Interneuron located in the SPINAL CORD or BRAIN STEM

58
Q

2nd order neuron synapse on 3rd in ________?

A

The THALAMUS if awareness is reached

59
Q

Ganglion

A

Group of cell bodies that lie OUTSIDE the CNS

60
Q

Nuclei

A

Group of cell bodies INSIDE the CNS

61
Q

Soma

A

Cell bodies

62
Q

Decussation

A

Crossing over

*somewhere along its length, axon of 2nd order neuron crosses over the opposite side of CNS

63
Q

Third order neuron

A

It’s axon ascends and synapses on neurons of the primary sensory cortex located on the post central gyrus

64
Q

Somatic sensory (major pathways):

A
  • Posterior Column Pathway
  • Spinothalamic Pathway
  • Spinocerebellum Parhway
65
Q

Posterior Column Pathway

A

Carries sensations of fine touch, pressure, vibration, and Proprioception

66
Q

Fine AKA

A

Highly localized

67
Q

Spinothalamic Pathway

A

Provides conscious sensations of crude touch, pressure, pain, and temp

68
Q

Crude AKA

A

Poorly localized

69
Q

Spinothalamic Pathway (2 tracts):

A
  • Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

* Lateral Spinothalamic Tracts

70
Q

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

A

Carry crude touch and pressure sensations

71
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

A

Carry pain and temp sensations

72
Q

Spinocerebellum Pathway

A
  • Carries sensation of Proprioception

* Doesn’t reach our consciousness

73
Q

Visceral Sensory Pathways (internal/Afferent)

A

Carry info collected by interoceptors that monitor visceral tissues and organs primarily within thoracic and abdominopelvic body cavities

74
Q

Interoceptors include:

A
  • Noceceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Tactile
  • Baroreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
75
Q

Where is most visceral sensory info delivered to?

A

Solitary nucleus

76
Q

Solitary nucleus

A

A large nucleus in the medulla oblongata

77
Q

We remain unaware of these sensations because

A

Visceral sensory info doesn’t reach the primary sensory cortex

78
Q

What cranial nerves carry visceral sensory info?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

79
Q

Where do cranial nerves carry visceral sensory info from?

A
  • Mouth
  • Palate
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Associated glands and vessels
80
Q

The dorsal roots of spinal nerves _______ carry visceral sensory info provided by receptors in organs located btw the _______ and _______ cavity

A
  • T1-T12
  • Diaphragm
  • Pelvic
81
Q

Order of neurons- most info ends where?

A

Medulla oblongata

82
Q

Somatic motor pathways (voluntary/efferent)

A

Controls the contractions of skeletal muscles

83
Q

Upper motor neuron (SMP)

A

Cell body lies a CNS processing center

84
Q

Where does the upper motor neuron synapse?

A

On the lower motor neuron

85
Q

Lower motor neuron (SMP)

A

Cell body lies in a nucleus of the brain stem or spinal cord

86
Q

What does a lower motor neuron innervate?

A

A single motor unit in a skeletal muscle (this signals contraction)

87
Q

Motor unit

A

A lower motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

88
Q

Only the _______ of the lower motor neuron extends outside of the _______

A

Axon; CNS

89
Q

What happens to a lower motor neuron if it were damaged?

A

It eliminates voluntary and reflex control over the innervated motor unit

90
Q

Somatic motor (major pathways):

A
  • Corticospinal Pathway
  • Medial Pathway
  • Lateral Pathway
91
Q

Corticospinal Pathway (SMP)

A

Provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles

92
Q

Medial Pathway (SMP)

A

Control of muscle tone and gross movements of neck, trunk, and proximal limb muscles

93
Q

Lateral Pathway (SMP)

A

Control of muscle tone and more precise movements of the distal part of the limbs

94
Q

What are the basal nuclei and cerebellum responsible for?

A

Coordination and feedback control over muscle contractions

95
Q

What does the basal nuclei provide?

A

Background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities

96
Q

What does the cerebellum monitor?

A
  • Proprioceptive sensations
  • Visual info
  • Vestibular (balance) sensations

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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