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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 13 - The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, And Spinal Reflexes > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, And Spinal Reflexes Flashcards

0
Q

Thoracic spinal nerves

A

T1-T12

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1
Q

Cervical spinal nerves

A

C1-C8

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2
Q

Lumbar spinal nerves

A

L1-L5

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3
Q

Sacral spinal nerves

A

S1-S5

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4
Q

The spinal cord ends between

A

L1 and L2

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5
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

Supplies nerves to the SHOULDERS and UPPER LIMBS

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6
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

Supplies nerves to the PELVIS and LOWER LIMBS

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7
Q

Dura mater

A

Superficial meningeal layer

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8
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle meningeal layer

•subarachnoid space: CSF flows here

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9
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost meningeal layer

*extremely delicate

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10
Q

Gray matter

Soma, dendrites, neuroglia

A
  • Posterior gray horns (somatic/visceral)
  • Lateral gray horns (visceral, located only in thoracic and lumbar segments)
  • Anterior gray horns (somatic)
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11
Q

White matter

Myelin

A

White matter on each side of the spinal cord are divided into 3 regions called columns:
•anterior white column
•lateral white column
•posterior white column

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12
Q

White matter columns

A
  • anterior white column
  • lateral white column
  • posterior white column
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13
Q

Ascending tracts carry _______ info _______ the brain

A

Sensory; toward

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14
Q

Descending tracts convey _________ commands to the __________

A

Motor; spinal cord

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15
Q

Dorsal Ramus carries __________ info from the back

A

Sensory (T1-T12)

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16
Q

Ventral ramus carries _________ info ventrolateral and limbs

A

Sensory

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17
Q

Rami communicantes carries _________ info from __________

A

Sensory; internal organs (aka stomach ache)

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18
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

Complex interwoven network of nerves

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19
Q

Cervical plexus (origin)

A

Spinal nerves C1-C5

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20
Q

Cervical plexus (innervates;nerve)

A

Muscles of the neck into thoracic cavity

Phrenic nerve

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21
Q

Brachial plexus (innervates;nerve)

A

Pectoral girdle and upper limb

Trunk and cord

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22
Q

Lumbar plexus (origin)

A

Spinal cord

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23
Q

Lumbar plexus (innervates;nerve)

A

Pelvic girdle

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24
Q

Dorsal root brings ________?

A

Sensory information INTO the spinal cord

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25
Q

The sympathetic nerve carries _________?

A

Sensory information from the visceral organs

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26
Q

The dorsal ramus carries _________? (Sensory info)

A

Sensory information from the skin and skeletal muscles of the back (T1-T12)

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27
Q

Epineurium- _________ nerve; ________ layer

A

Peripheral; outermost

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28
Q

Perineurium- ________nerve; _______ layer

A

Peripheral; middle

29
Q

Endoneurium- ________nerve; _______ layer

A

Peripheral; innermost

30
Q

Sectional anatomy of the Spinal Cord

A
  • Gray matter

* White matter

31
Q

Gray matter

A
  • Surrounds the narrow central canal

* Dominated by cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons

32
Q

white matter

A

Superficial

Contains larges numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons

33
Q

Neuroglia (definition)

A

Cells of the CNS and PNS that protect and support neurons

34
Q

Development reflexes- Innate and Acquired reflexes

A
  • Innate: connections that form between neurons during development EX: hand on hotpot
  • Acquired: learned motor pattern EX: hitting car brakes when danger is ahead
35
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Provide mechanism for the involuntary control of the muscular system EX: knee jerk reflex during physical

36
Q

Visceral reflex (__________ reflexes)

A
  • aka Autonomic

* controls the activities of other systems EX: dilating of pupils

37
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

•the stretch
•simplest reflex, one synapse
•sensory neuron synapses in motor neuron
EX: knee jerk reaction, patellar reflex

38
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A
  • a number of synapses involved

* length of delay is proportional to amount of synapses

39
Q

Tendon reflex

A

•monitors external tension produced during muscular contraction; prevents tearing/breaking down of tendons

40
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A
  • moves affected body part away from stimulus

* exhibit reciprocal inhibition

41
Q

Cross extensor reflex

A
  • involves ipsilateral (same side) reflex arc, motor response occurs on same side of stimulus
  • occurs with flexor reflex
42
Q

Brachial plexus (origin)

A

Lower 4 cervical nerves (C5-C8)

43
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Thin, conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement

44
Q

2 branches of spinal nerves

A

Dorsal root

Ventral root

45
Q

Dorsal root

A

Sensory neurons

46
Q

Ventral root

A

Motor neurons

47
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

48
Q

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

A

Carries dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes

49
Q

CSF location

A

Subarachnoid space

50
Q

How to remove CSF

A

Lumbar puncture or spinal tap

51
Q

Connective tissue layers of spinal nerves (3)

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

52
Q

Epineurium

A

Outer layer

Dense network of collagen fibers

53
Q

Perineurium

A

Middle layer

Divides nerves into fasicles

54
Q

Endoneurium

A

Innermost layer

Surrounds individual axons

55
Q

Neuronal pools

A

Functional groups of interneurons

May stimulate or depress parts of brain or spinal cord

56
Q

Neural circuits in neuronal pools

A 
Divergence 
Convergence 
Serial processing
Parallel processing 
Reverberation
57
Q

Divergence

A

Spreads stimulation to many neurons or neuronal pools in CNS

58
Q

Convergence

A

Brings input from many sources to single neuron

59
Q

Serial processing

A

Moves information in single line

60
Q

Parallel processing

A

Moves same infor along several paths simultaneously

61
Q

Reverberation

A

Positive feedback mechanism

Functions until inhibited

62
Q

Posterior gray horns contain

A

Somatic and visceral nuclei

63
Q

Lateral gray horns contain

A

Visceral motor nuclei

64
Q

Anterior gray horns contain

A

Somatic motor nuclei

65
Q

Later gray horns location

A

Thoracic and lumbar segments

66
Q

White matter ascending tracts

A

Carry sensory info TOWARD brain

67
Q

White matter descending tracts

A

Convey motor commands TO spinal cord

68
Q

Each spinal nerve is surrounded by _________ layers

A

3 connective tissue

69
Q

Three Connective Tissue Layers of Spinal Nerves

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

70
Q

Peripheral neuropathy

A
  • Regional loss of sensory or motor function

* Due to trauma or compression

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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