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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 12 - Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Neural Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Extra cellular fluid contains?

A

High concentrations of Na+ and Cl- ions

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1
Q

Intracellular fluid contains?

A

High concentration of K+ ions

Negatively charged proteins

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2
Q

How do ions enter or leave the cell at resting potential?

A

Leak channels or active transport mechanisms

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3
Q

Types of passive forces

A

Chemical Gradients
Electrical Gradients
Electrochemical Gradients

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4
Q

Chemical Gradients

A

Concentration gradient, drives K+ out of cell through open K+ channels.

(Na+ moves in)

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5
Q

Electrical Gradients

A

K+ leaves cell more rapidly than Na+ enters

Cytosol exhibits a net loss of + charges

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6
Q

Electrical Gradients: What happens to the cell membrane?

A
  • Net loss of + charges, leaving an excess of - charges proteins
  • Extracellular fluid near cell membrane displays net gain of + charges
    • and - charges are separated by cell membrane, thus a potential difference arises
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7
Q

Electrochemical Gradients

A

•Sum of chemical and electrical forces acting on that ion across the cell membrane

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8
Q

Na+/K+ exchange pump

A
  • Are involved in active forces across the membrane

* Exchanges 3 intracellular Na+ ions for 2 Extracellular K+ ions

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9
Q

Changes in the Transmembrane Potential

A
  • Passive channels

* Active channels

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10
Q

Passive channels

A

AKA leak channels; always open

Permeability varies from moment to moment

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11
Q

Active channels

A

AKA gated channels; open/close in response to specific stimuli

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12
Q

Classes of Active Channels

A
  • Chemically regulated channels
  • Voltage regulated channels
  • Mechanically regulated channels
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13
Q

Chemically regulated channels

A

Open/close when they bind to specific chemicals (most abundant on the dendrites and cell body of neuron)

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14
Q

Voltage regulated channels

A

Open/close in response to changes in the transmembrane potential

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15
Q

Mechanically regulated channels

A

Open/close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface

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16
Q

Graded (local) potentials

A
  • Changes in the transmembrane potential

* Can’t spread far from the site of stimulation

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17
Q

Events at a Graded Potential

A
  • Stimulus causes gated channels to open
  • Depolarization
  • Repolarization
  • Hyperpolarization
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18
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ ions rush into cell causing a shift in the transmembrane potential toward 0mv

*the degree of depolarization decreases with distance away from the stimulation site

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19
Q

Repolarization

A

Stimulus is removed; normal membrane permeability is restored and transmembrane potential returns to resting level

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20
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Inside of the cell becomes more negative than normal

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21
Q

Action potentials

A

Propagated (spread) changes in the membrane potential, once initiated affects the entire excitable membrane

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22
Q

The membrane potential returns to the resting state due to ________.

A

The diffusion of ions through leak channels

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23
Q

Generation of Action Potential

A
  • Depolarization
  • Activation
  • Inactivation
  • Return to normal permeability
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24
Depolarization (Generation of AP)
Graded polarization brings an area of excitable membrane to threshold (-60mv to -55mv)
25
Activation (Generation of AP)
Activation of Na+ channels and rapid depolarization •Voltage regated Na+ channels open •Na+ ions enter cell •Transmembrane potential goes from -60mv to +30mV
26
Inactivation (generation of AP)
* inactivation of Na+ channels (close) * activation of K+ channels (open) * repolarization begins
27
Return to permeability (Generation of AP)
* Na+ channels regain normal properties * K+ channels begin closing; hyperpolarization occurs * membrane returns to resting state
28
Absolute vs Relative refractory periods
Last stage of AP
29
Propagation of AP
The way an AP spreads along an excitable membrane
30
Continuous propagation
Occurs along unmyelinated axons
31
Saltatory propagation
Occurs along myelinated axons
32
Electrical synapse
Direct physical synapse between cells *occur in some areas of the brain
33
Cholingeric Synapses
* Synapse that releases acetylcholine (ACh) * Arriving action potential depolarizes synaptic knob * Calcium ions enter cytoplasm of synaptic knob
34
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine (NE), Dopamine, Serotonin, Nitric Acid (NO), Carbon Monoxide (CO)
35
Postsynaptic Potential
Graded potentials that develops in the postsynaptic membrane in response to a neurotransmitter
36
Excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP)
Graded depolarization caused by neurotransmitters
37
Inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSP)
Graded hyperpolarization caused by neurotransmitters
38
Temporal summation
Repeatedly; at 1 synapse
39
Spatial summation
Simultaneous stimuli and multiple synapse
40
Somatic sensory
* External (touch, pressure, pain, temp) | * cardiac muscle
41
Somatic motor
* controls skeletal muscles | * voluntary
42
Efferent
* motor | * down and out
43
Afferent
* sensory | * up and in
44
Threshold for an axon is between _____ and _____ mV
-60 mV and -55 mV
45
Depolarization _____ to _____ mV
10 to 15
46
A stimulus that shifts the resting membrane potential from ______ to ______ mV will _______?
-70 to -62 mV; will not produce an action potential, only a grade depolarization
47
Normal resting potential is about _______ mV
-70
48
Membrane potential
* -40mV to -80 mV * ions have concentration grad item across the membrane (K+) * High concentration inside * Low concentration outside (of membrane)
49
Types of synapses
Neuromuscular Junction | Neuroglandular Junction
50
Neuromuscular junction
Synapse between neuron and muscle
51
Absolute refractory period
* Sodium channels open or inactivated | * No action potential possible
52
Relative refractory period
* Membrane potential almost normal | * Very large stimulus can initiate action potential
53
Neurons are classified as?
Anaxonic Bipolar Unipolar Multipolar (On basis of the relationship of the dendrites to the cell body and the axon)
54
Anaxonic neuron
Have more than two processes (all dendrites)
55
Bipolar neurons
Have two processes separated by the cell body
56
Unipolar neurons
Have 1 single elongated process (with the cell body located off to side)
57
Multipolar neurons
Have more than 2 processes (single axon, multiple dendrites)
58
Structure of neurons
Presynaptic cell Postsynaptic cell Synaptic cleft
59
Presynaptic cell
Neuron that sends messages
60
Postsynaptic cell
Cell that receives message
61
Synaptic cleft
Gap that separates pre and Postsynaptic membrane
62
Presynaptic membrane
Synaptic surface where neurotransmitter release occurs
63
Postsynaptic membrane
Portion of the plasma membrane of a Postsynaptic cell that is part of a synapse
64
Neuroglia in the CNS
Ependymal cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia
65
Ependymal cells
``` Line ventricles (brain) and central canal(spinal) Assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring CSF ```
66
Astrocytes
Maintain blood-brain barrier Provide structural support For scar tissue after injury
67
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinate CNS axons | Provides structural framework
68
Microglia
Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis
69
Neuroglia in PNS
Satellite cells | Schwann cells
70
Satellite cells
* Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia | * Regulate 02, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
71
Schwann cells
Surround all axons in PNS Myelination of peripheral axons Repair process after injury

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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