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Biology Theory > Chapter 15 Reproduction In Humans > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Reproduction In Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A reproductive cell of an animal or plant

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2
Q

Define ovaries:

A

Organs that produce female gametes

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3
Q

Define oviducts (fallopian tubes):

A

Tubes leading from the ovaries to the uterus

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4
Q

Define uterus:

A

The organ in which a fetus develops before birth (womb)

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5
Q

Define cervix:

A

A narrow opening leading from the uterus to the vagina

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6
Q

Define vagina:

A

Opening from the uterus to the outside of the body

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7
Q

Are the oviduct directly connected to the ovaries?

A

No

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8
Q

What is the uterus walls made of?

A

Thick walls of muscle

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9
Q

What tube is in front of the vagina?

A

Urethra - opening from the bladder

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10
Q

What tube is behind the vagina?

A

Rectum

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11
Q

What does the female reproductive system consist of?

A

1) ovaries (produce gamete)
2) ovum (female gamete in ovaries)
3) oviducts (tubes that lead from the ovaries to the uterus)
4) uterus (where fetus develops)
5) cervix (opening from uterus to vagina)
6) vagina (opening from uterus to outside of body)

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12
Q

Define testes:
singular: testis

A

Organs in which the male gametes (sperm) made

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13
Q

Define scrotum:

A

The sac that contains the testes

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14
Q

Define sperm duct:

A

A tube that transports sperm from the testis to the urethra

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15
Q

Define penis:

A

Organ containing the urethra through which urine and sperm of carried

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16
Q

Define prostate gland:

A

Organ that produces a nutritious fluid (semen) in which sperm are transported

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17
Q

Define epididymis:

A

Part of the testes in which sperm are stored

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18
Q

What is another name for male gamete, sperm?

A

Spermatozoa

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19
Q

What does the male reproductive system consist of?

A

1) 2 testes (produce gamete)
2) sperm (male gamete in testes)
3) scrotum (sacs of skin that contain each testis)
4) sperm duct (tube that carries sperm from each testis to join up with the urethra)
5) penis (urethra travels down penis to tip where it opens)
6) prostate gland (where the sperm duct joins the urethra) (makes semen)

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20
Q

How many eggs mature at a time when a girl reaches puberty?

A

Usually only one develops at a time

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21
Q

What is the egg made off?

A

A single cell

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22
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of an egg from an ovary

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23
Q

How often does ovulation happen?

A

Once a month

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24
Q

From when on a sperm made?

A

From puberty onwards

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25
Q

Where is sperm stored?

A

Epididymis

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26
Q

How do sperm develop?

A

It develops from cells in the walls of the tubules in the testes

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27
Q

Why are the testes positioned outside the body?

A

→ sperm production is heat sensitive
→ if they get too hot, the cells in the tubules will not develop into sperm
→ sperm will be cooler if positioned outside of the body

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28
Q

What type of cells are egg and sperm cells?

A

Haploid cells

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29
Q

How is eggs and sperm made in the ovaries and testes?

A

They are made when the cells divide by meiosis

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30
Q

How many chromosomes are in the nucleus of the human egg and human sperm?

A

There is a single set of 23 chromosomes in the nucleus of the human sperm and egg

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31
Q

Define flagellum:
plural: flagella

A

A long, whip-like ‘tail’ structure found on sperm cells, used for swimming

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32
Q

Define acrosome:

A

Structure containing digestive enzymes, in the head of a sperm cell

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33
Q

What is the structure and function of the acrosome in the sperm cell?

A

Vesicle containing enzymes → to dissolve through the jelly surrounding the egg cell

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34
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus in the sperm cell?

A

Contains mitochondria → to release energy for swimming

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35
Q

What is the structure and function of the sperm cell?

A

head
Contains acrosome → contains enzymes → dissolve a way through the jelly surrounding the egg cell

Contains nucleus → mitochondria → release energy for swimming

middle piece
Contains middle piece → to release energy for swimming

tail
Flagellum → for swimming

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36
Q

What happens after ovulation?

A

1) An egg is caught in the funnel of the oviduct
2) The egg travels towards the uterus
3) Cilia lining the oviduct help to move it along
4) Muscles in the wall of the oviduct also helped to move it, by producing gentle rippling movements

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37
Q

How long before the egg dies?

A

If the egg is not fertilised by a sperm within 8 to 24 hours after ovulation it dies

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38
Q

How is the sperm board as close as possible to the egg?

A

The penis is placed inside of the vagina so that sperm travels directly into the vagina

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39
Q

How does sperm travel out of the penis?

A

1) The walls of the tubes containing the sperm contract rhythmically
2) The wave of contraction begins in the testes, travels along the sperm duct, and into the penis
3) The sperm are squeezed along the tubes, out of the man’s urethra and into the woman’s vagina

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40
Q

Why is it important that the sperm is carried in the semen?

A

The liquid part of semen is produced by the prostate gland

It contains sugars and other nutrients → provide sperm within energy

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41
Q

Where is the semen deposited?

A

At the top of the vagina near the cervix

42
Q

What is the pathway that the sperm swims?

A

Testes → sperm duct → urethra → vagina → cervix → uterus → oviducts

43
Q

How fast do sperm swim?

A

4mm per minute

44
Q

How many sperm actually make it to the oviducts?

A

Only some out of 1 million

45
Q

Briefly describe what happens when the sperm cell comes into contact with the egg cell:

A

1) Acrosome is activated
2) Releases digestive enzymes
3) Enzymes digest the jelly coat of the egg cell
4) The head of the sperm is able to push through and get into the cytoplasm of the egg
5) The flagellum is left outside
6) The nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the egg (fertilisation)

46
Q

What happens when a successful sperm enters the egg?

A

The egg membrane and jelly coat become impenetrable → no other sperm can get in → they all die

47
Q

How is a zygote formed?

A

When an egg nucleus and sperm nucleus have fused together

48
Q

What happens to the zygote after it is formed?

A

Continues to move down the oviduct (in direction of uterus)
As it moves it divides repeatedly → forming a ball of cells (embryo) after several hours

49
Q

Define embryo:

A

The ball of cells that is produced by repeated division of the zygote

50
Q

What from the egg does the embryo contain?

A

The nutrients and yolk

51
Q

How long does it take for the embryo to reach the uterus?

A

Several hours

52
Q

How many cells does the embryo consist of of when it finally reaches the uterus?

A

It is a ball of 16 or 23 cells

53
Q

How is the lining of the uterus fitting for implantation?

A

The lining is thick and spongy, and the embryo just sinks into it

54
Q

Define implantation:

A

Attachment of the embryo to the lining of the uterus

55
Q

What is the placenta?

A

An organ that connects the growing fetus to its mother, in which the blood of the fetus and mother of all close together so that materials can be exchanged between them

56
Q

What is a fetus:

A

An unborn mammal, in which all the organs have been formed

57
Q

Define umbilical cord:

A

Structure containing blood vessels that connects the fetus to the placenta

58
Q

True/false: The cells in the embryo stop dividing after it has sunk into the lining of the uterus.

A

False

59
Q

Name 3 characteristics of the placenta and its function:

A

1) soft
2) dark red
3) has villi that fit closely into the uterus wall
F) this is where substances are exchanged between the mothers blood and the embryo’s blood

60
Q

How long does it take for the embryo to develop most of its organs?

A

11 weeks

61
Q

When is the embryo called a fetus?

A

After about 11 weeks

62
Q

How is the placenta joined to the fetus?

A

By the umbilical cord

63
Q

Describe the structure and function of the umbilical cord:

A

Consists of:

A) 2 arteries → take blood from the fetus into the placenta

B) vein → return the blood to the fetus

64
Q

True/false: The mother and embryos blood does not mix.
Give a reason for your answer

A

True, the mother and embryo blood is separated by the placenta

65
Q

How can materials successfully be exchanged between the placenta and uterus?

A

Placenta
1) contains tiny capillaries filled with the fetus’s blood
2) very thin → so placenta and uterus are brought very close together

Uterus
1) lining of uterus contains large spaces filled with the mother’s blood

66
Q

By means of what process does oxygen and dissolved nutrients from the mothers blood move into the placenta, into the fetus’s blood?

A

Diffusion

67
Q

Briefly describe how the fetus receives it nutrients and oxygen:

A

Oxygen and dissolved nutrients from the mother’s blood diffuse across the placenta into the fetus’s blood and are carried along the umbilical cord to the fetus

68
Q

How is unwanted substances removed from the fetus’s blood?

A

Carbon dioxide and other excretory products diffuse in the other direction of the mothers nutrients diffusing into the blood, and all carried away in the mother’s blood

69
Q

How big is the placenta by the time the baby is born

A

Placenta is a flat disk
12cm in diameter
3cm thick

70
Q

Define amniotic sac:

A

A tough membrane that surrounds a developing fetus in the uterus

71
Q

Define amniotic fluid:

A

Liquid secreted by the amniotic sac, which supports and protects the fetus

72
Q

Why is amniotic fluid important?

A

Allows the fetus to freely move its arms and legs, which help the muscles and skeleton to develop correctly

73
Q

How long before the fetus is ready to be born?

A

Nine months

74
Q

What is the first sign that a woman is about to give birth?

A

The amniotic sac breaks because of contractions of muscles in the uterus wall
Amniotic fluid is released so that it flows into the vagina

75
Q

Explain the difference between a fetus and an embryo:

A

An embryo is a ball of undifferentiated cells, formed by repeated division of the zygote. A fetus develops from an embryo when the cells have formed different tissues and organs.

76
Q

List five substances that are transferred from the mothers blood to the embryo blood in the placenta:

A

oxygen, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, minerals (or named minerals), vitamins (or named vitamins), water

77
Q

Name two substances that are transferred from the embryo’s blood to the mother’s blood:

A

Carbon dioxide
Urea

78
Q

Define puberty:

A

The time at which sexual maturity is reached

79
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone in men?

A

Testosterone

80
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone in woman?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone

81
Q

What happens during adolescence?

A

Sperm production begins in a boy
Ovulation begins in a girl

82
Q

What does testosterone cause in men:

A

1) Facial hair
2) Pubic hair
3) Broadening shoulders
4) General muscular development
5) Deepening voice

83
Q

What characteristics does oestrogen cause?

A

1) breasts grow bigger
2) pubic hair
3) hips grow wider

84
Q

Define follicle:

A

The structure within an ovary, in which an egg develops

85
Q

Define menstruation:

A

The loss of the broken down uterus lining through the vagina

86
Q

What 4 hormones control the occurring event of the menstrual cycle

A

1) oestrogen
2) progesterone
3) FSH
4) LH

87
Q

Where is oestrogen and progesterone secreted?

A

Ovaries

88
Q

What does the pituitary gland secrete?

A

FSH
LH

89
Q

Define pituitary gland:

A

A small endocrine gland attached to the underside of the brain

90
Q

Define FSH:

A

Follicle stimulating hormone, a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland which causes a follicle to develop in an ovary

91
Q

Define LH:

A

Luteinising hormone, hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that causes of ovulation to happen

92
Q

Define corpus luteum (yellow body):

A

Structure that develops from the empty follicle after an egg has been released from an ovary

93
Q

What does the hormone progesterone do?

A

Keeps the lining of the uterus thick and spongy, ready to receive a fertilised egg

94
Q

Why do no more follicles develop in the ovary during pregnancy?

A

Because progesterone levels are very high and inhibits the secretion of FSH 

95
Q

What is the hormone oestrogen?

A

Causes the lining of the uterus to become thicker and better supplied with blood

96
Q

Define sexually transmitted infection (STI):

A

Disease caused by pathogens that are transmitted during sexual contact

97
Q

Define AIDS:

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

A disease caused by HIV, which destroys white blood cells and therefore reduces the ability of the immune system to defend against other pathogens

98
Q

Define HIV:

A

The human immunodeficiency virus

99
Q

What type of cells does HIV infect?

A

White blood cells, in particular type called T cells

100
Q

How can HIV be transmitted?

A

Through sexual contact
Direct blood to blood contact
Breastfeeding

101
Q

How can you reduce the spread of HIV?

A

Trace contacts
Use condoms
Using antiretroviral drugs
Avoiding sharing needles

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