Chapter 14 Reproduction In Plants Flashcards
Define asexual reproduction:
A process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
Define sexual reproduction:
The process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other and from the parents
Define gamete:
A sex cell
A cell with half the normal number of chromosomes, whose nuclear fuses with the nucleus of another gamete during sexual reproduction
Define fertilisation:
The fusion of the nuclei of two gametes
Define Zygote:
A cell that is formed by the fusion of 2 gametes
Define diploid:
Having 2 complete sets of chromosomes
Define haploid:
Having only a single set of chromosomes
Define mitosis:
Division of a cell nucleus, resulting into genetically identical nuclei
(i.e. with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus)
Define meiosis:
Division of a diploid nucleus, resulting in four genetically different haploid nuclei.
(sometimes called a reduction vision)
Define sepals:
Leaf-like structures that form a ring outside the petals of the flower
Define petals:
Colored structures that attract insects/birds to a flower
Define stamens:
Male parts of a flower
Define filament:
The stalk part of a stamen
Define anther:
The structure at the top of the stamen, inside which pollen grains are made
Define pollen grains:
Small structures which contain the male gametes of a flower
Define carpel:
female part of the flower
Define ovary:
The part of the flower that holds the ovules
Define ovules:
Small structures that contain the female gametes
Define style:
The part of the carpel that connects the stigma to the ovary
Define stigma:
The part of the flower that receives pollen
Define pollination:
The transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the plant (anther of stamen) to the female part of the plant (stigma)
Define self-pollination:
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant
Define cross-pollination:
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species
Define seed:
The structure that develops from an ovule after fertilization, it contains an embryo plant
Define dormant:
Inactive, with metabolic reactions taking place very slowly/not at all
Are there gametes involved in asexual reproduction?
No
How do cells divide to produce genetically identical cells?
Through mitosis
What do you call a primitive organism that makes use of asexual reproduction?
Hydra
Name the differences between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction:
Asexual
1) 1 parent
2) genetically identical offspring
3) no variation
Sexual
1) 2 gametes
2) genetically different offspring
3) increased variation
What are chromosomes?
Long threads of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell
Contains a set of instructions = genes
Where do tubers form?
On stems that grow on/under ground
Give 3 examples of asexual reproduction in fungi:
1) fragmentation → piece of fungus breaks off, could develop into new individual
2) budding → unicellular fungi can bud off a new individual (rather like cell division)
3) spores → spores are dispersed by the wind then grow into new individuals
Give 3 examples of asexual reproduction in plants:
1) fragmentation → if a stem/rhizome connecting parts of a plant is broken/dies, the parts of the plant can develop into new individuals
2) budding → a lateral bud n a stem near the soil develop into new plant
3) bulbs/tubers → they can develop into new individual plants
4) artificial cuttings → cutting of a piece of stem, can be introduced to grow roots
These cuttings can then be planted to grow a new individual
5) artificial tissue culture → single plant cells can be grown into an entire plant in the laboratory
What is a Hydra?
A tiny animal
Lives in fresh water
Related to sea anemones
