Chapter 15- Psychological Disorders 1 Flashcards
Defining Psychological Disorders
different does not equal disorder
Medical models
mental illnesses = medical illnesses
illness, diagnosis, and therapy or treatment of psychological disorders
medicine perspective-> treat it clinically
Compendium de Psychiatrie
first published classification system of mental disorders
1883, Emil Kraepelin
biological nature of mental illness
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
classification of psychological disorders
published by world health organization
preferred in Europe + India
currently in 10th edition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
first official classification system for diagnosing mental disorders in North America (US)
third edition -> away from theory and more on scientific evidence + clinical observation
DSM-5
current edition, scientific evidence + clinical observations
North American perspective of psychological illness
goes beyond NA perspective-> consistent with international standards (like ICD) and talking about disorders in different countries
classifying disorders based on shared symptoms
defines mental disorder as a syndrome
Mental disorder
is a syndrome: a set of related conditions of clinically significant disturbances of thoughts, feelings, or behaviours
The 4 D’s for diagnosing behaviour as disordered:
Disturbance
Disfunction
Distress or Disability
Deviant***
Disturbance
disturbance of thought, emotion, or behaviour
mental disorders are different from physical disorders that affect physiological and body processes
ex: person has hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland) may exhibit signs of depression
if depression due to hypothyroidism (physical disorder) -> diagnosis of major depression is NOT appropriate
Disfunction
of biological or developmental processes
interferes with everyday functioning
ex: participating in everyday social relationships, holding a regular job, or being productive
sometimes its a risk to yourself + others
Distress or Disability
in everyday life (especially in relationships + work)
leads to discomfort, pain, anguish
either in person or in others (especially family)
ex: why we say a person is “suffering” from a disorder
Deviant**
thought, emotion, or behaviour
deviant = different from the norm/different from what most people do
but only if also dysfunctional
deviance alone is not enough
ex: Albert Einstein was deviant/different from the norm in his intelligence + creativity
but he was NOT suffering from a psychological disorder
Notes on the 4 D’s
behaviours that possess only 1 or 2 of these 4 D’s -> not classified as disordered
if a behaviour is culturally accepted -> cannot be a disorder
ex: hallucinations of shamans
DSM-5 describes __ major categories of disorder
22, covers +350 disorders
Culture-bound syndromes
mental disorders found in certain cultures
ex: Southeast Asian cultures-> certain men suffer from koro
koro: belief that one’s genitals are retracting into one’s body
Middle East-> people suffer from zar
zar: the belief that they are possessed by spirits
run around in fits of laughter, shouting, singing
Some disorders spread from culture to culture
anorexia was extremely rare in China-> fear of being fat wasn’t a symptom-> people that suffered complained of bloated tummy
Widely publicized case of anorexia in 1994 led to the death of a Hong Kong teen
rates of anorexia increased dramatically in China
increase in prevalence-> changed in symptoms of anorexia
Chinese anorexics complained mostly of their fear of being fat
disorder became westernized
Controversy of the DSM-5
Classifying disorders based on shared symptoms
too many categories, may be old fashioned
DSM medicalizes normal behaviour
see psychology in the real world
Ignores biology
ignores that diseases should be classified by shared underlying biological factors
Five major psychiatric disorders
Autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, bipolar, depression, and schizophrenia have a common genetic cause
one general dimension/factor underlies all of the major psychological disorders
Mental disorders are not as distinct and different as the DSM-5 categories imply
How Common Are Mental Disorders?
very common
2.8 million Canadians (1/10) have at least 1/6 mental or substance use disorders
Almost half (46%) of the adults in North America will suffer from at least one psychological disorder
More than half of people diagnoses will have 2+ disorders
____ of people with psychological disorders do not seek out help
40%
due to the stigma: shame surrounding mental illness
Barriers: Embarrassment + discrimination
50% of people receiving treatment for depression were willing to tell their friends or bosses
+50% of those who suffered from mood, anxiety, or substance use disorders-> reported feeling embarrassed + faced discrimination
Many Canadians hold negative attitudes towards people suffering from mental illness
Misconception + Reality
Misconception: People with psychological disorders are unstable + dangerous
Reality: Majority of people with a psychological disorder never commit violent acts -> more likely to be victims
comorbidity
existence of 2 or more disorders at the same time
fear-based disorders (phobias + panic disorder) develop first -> predict the onset of other disorders later in life
Is Overusing the Internet a Disorder?
People in South Korea starved their 3-month old to play an online fantasy game, Prius Online
In the parent’s version of Prius Online, they were raising a virtual baby
DSM-5 includes a category called “Internet Gaming Disorder”
due to lack of evidence-> its classified as a “Condition for Further Study”
Internet Gaming Disorder/ A Condition for Further Study in DSM-5
Any 5 of 9 points must be present during a year period for diagnosis
Preoccupation with internet games (not internet gambling)
Withdrawal when games taken away (irritability, sadness, anxiety)
Tolerance (more time to be satisfied)
Unsuccessful attempts to stop/control habit
Loss of interest in previous hobbies + entertainment
Excessive use despite knowledge of their psychological problem
Deceives family, friends, and therapists about how much they play the game
Use of internet games to cope/escape negative mood
Jeopardized or loss of significant relationship, job, education due to internet activity
Some of these criteria are signs of addiction
tolerance, mood regulation, disruption of relationships, job, or school
Some people experience withdrawals (irritation or anger) when computer/smart phone is not available
Is this a real disorder or an example of “medicalizing” normal behaviour?
Mobile addiction
excessive, impulsive checking and use of mobile device
especially in dangerous/illegal contexts (like driving)
Overuse of mobile devices
has deleterious effects
impaired cognition and task performance while multitasking
Neurodevelopmental Disorders (according to DSM-5)
psychological disorders prominent during childhood
include intellectual disabilities (formerly called mental retardation) and learning disabilities
Subtypes of Neurodevelopment Disorders
ADHD
ASD
ASPERGERS
Schizophrenia
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
neuro-developmental disorder
The inability to:
focus attention for more than a few minutes
remain still and quiet
do careful work
To be diagnosed-> need to display all symptoms before age 12
5% to 10% of North American school-age kids and 3-5% of children worldwide meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD
Boys more likely to be diagnosed than girls at a ration of 2:1
ADHD begins in childhood -> continues into adulthood for 30%
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
neuro-developmental disorder
formerly known as Autism, autos=self
severe language and social impairment
repetitive habits
inward focused behaviours
extremely sensitive to sensory stimulation
have trouble integrating multiple sources of sensory information (sight, sound, and touch)
more interested in inanimate objects than in people + social activities
Difficulty with joint attention
believed to be over diagnosed-> rise is mostly due to increased awareness
ASD encompasses a range of disorders, from severe disability to high functioning
Joint attention
ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction as someone else
ex: if a mom points at something she’s interested in
kid with ASD is less likely to look in the same direction
researchers who didn’t know diagnoses were able to correctly diagnose ASD 77% of the time just based off watching their eye contact in 1st b-day home videos
High functioning ASD
High functioning children have impaired social interest and skills restricted interests may be quite advanced in speech have above average intelligence ex: aspergers
