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PSYCH 1022 > Chapter 11- Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

How do emotions differ from drives

A
  • not linked with needs
  • can be associated with anything
  • can override drives
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2
Q

Affect

A

variety of phenomena that includes emotions, mood, and affective traits

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3
Q

Emotions

A

-brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology
-when a meaningful situation happens
-occupy the foreground of consciousness
-make us pay attention
can impact memory, attention, decision making and perception
ex: happy, sad, angry

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4
Q

Moods

A

-short changes in affect that fluctuate
-affective states that are longer than emotions
-experienced both physiologically and psychologically
-occupy the background of consciousness
-make certain emotions more likely to occur than others
ex: irritable mood makes people more likely to be angry
can be either positive or negative

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5
Q

Affective traits

A
  • stable characteristic of personality that make an emotion more likely to occur
    ex: someone with an affective trait of hostility is more likely to be angry when cut off in traffic
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6
Q

Basic emotions

A

emotions common to all humans
ex- anger, disgust, fear, happy, sadness, surprise
-are not single states
-groups of related emotions

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7
Q

Emotional family

A

-groups of similar/related emotions
ex: fear family contains anxiety, trepidation, and nervousness
happiness family contains joy, contentment, amusement, exhilaration

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8
Q

Russel’s Model

A
  • emotions exist in two dimensions:
    1) arousal
    2) displeasure-pleasure
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9
Q

Self conscious emotions

A

-society and expectations
-displayed by recognizable expressions
shame, guilt, humiliation, pride, embarassement,

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10
Q

Evolutionary perspective of emotions

A
  • emotions are adaptations

- increase survival and sexual success

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11
Q

Organized Responses

A
  • adaptation of negative emotions

- increased survival, allowed individuals to respond to challenges

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12
Q

Negative emotions

A

promotes a narrow view on the world

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13
Q

Positive emotions

A
  • expands outlook on world
  • helps build new skills
  • love, amusement, contentment, happiness
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14
Q

Broaden and Build model

A
  • fredrickson’s model on positive emotions
  • positive emotions expand our cognitive perspective
  • helps us acquire new skills
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15
Q

When people are in positive moods they perform ______ on tasks of selective attention (require narrow attention)

A

-poorly

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16
Q

People in positive moods perform better on tasks that require ____

A
  • a broader attentional focus
    ex: task where people had to write a list of all the uses of a brick, people in positive moods did way better
  • came up with more words and more creative words
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17
Q

Positive mood affect on a perceptual task (attention to visual information)

A

enhanced attention to visual information in the outer edges of a visual display rather than centre
indicates that positive moods cause people to take in more visual information

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18
Q

Describe emotions as a process .. draw it out

A

1) Antecedent event: event that may lead to an emotional response
2) Appraisal: evaluating events to see if they’re good/bad (relevant)
- automatic/occurs outside awareness
- controls whether an emotion is brought up
3) Emotional response: change that generates emotion if antecedent event is appraised as relevant

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19
Q

Types of emotional responses

A

1) Physiological
2) Behavioural-Expressive
3) Subjective Experience

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20
Q

Physiological changes

A
  • emotions that create changes in the body/physiology, increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
  • produced by Autonomic nervous system: controls circulatory and respiratory system
21
Q

Emotions that are concerned with survival (fear) elicit the

A

Sympathetic NS
-organized response
increases heart rate and blood pressure
-pumps blood to muscles, increases oxygen intake
-turns off any structures not needed, like digestion

22
Q

Positive Emotions elicit the

A

Parasympathetic NS

  • used to relax the body
    ex: fredrickson showed scary clips to people, afterwards showed them clips of sadness, amusement, contentment, or no emotion
  • measured cardiovascular activity
  • when shown clips of pleasure after scary ones, the cardiovascular activation from the scary clips was brought down back to normal faster
  • shows that the parasympathetic branch was used to undo the negative emotional arousal
23
Q

Behavioural-Expressive Changes

A

emotions that causes changes in behaviour and expressions

FACS

24
Q

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

A
  • measuring all possible muscular movements in face

- determines widespread facial expressions

25
Q

Most recognizable facial expression

A

a smile

-not all are created equal

26
Q

Duchenne smile

A

a true smile

-contracts muscles of lips diagonally and muscles surrounding the eye

27
Q

Non-duchenne smile

A
  • fake smile

- only contracts muscles of lips

28
Q

Voice

A

sensitive to emotions

-innervated by ANS

29
Q

Changes in Subjective Experience

A

-changes in how an emotion feels (physical and cognitive)
James Lang
Cannon Bard
2 factor

30
Q

James Lang theory

A

body sensations produce emotions
-bodily feedback
-experience body sensation first, emotion after
ex: I feel a lump in my throat, therefore I am sad
I am trembling therefore i am scared

we have different emotions because each emotion is associated with different feelings

31
Q

Support of J L theory

and Evidence against

A

-many cultures report body sensations with emotions
ex: butterflies in stomach=nervousness
lump in throat= sadness

AGAINST
-people with spinal cord injuries still have subjective experience of emotions

32
Q

Cannon Bard theory

A

-emotions are created by two separate parallel brain processes: cognitive and physiology
react to a stimulus and experience an emotion at the same time
ex: I see a snake, i am afraid and i begin to tremble

33
Q

two factor theory

A

emotion is caused by arousal and appraisal
physiology and cognition are connected
make a decision on an emotion based on what fits the circumstances
ex: “dssS”

34
Q

Polygraph

A

-measures ANS activity/arousal
-heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, skin conductivity
measured by control question test and guilty knowledge test

35
Q

control question test

A
  • ask neutral questions u can lie on

- compare that response to questions people can lie on

36
Q

guilty knowledge test

A

-measuring activity based on questions only the guilty person would know

37
Q

problems with polygraphs

A

70-85% reliable

only measures arousal, can mistake it for anxiety

38
Q

brain fingerprinting

A
  • measuring brain activity to determine lies

- eeg

39
Q

Most reliable measures of someone that is lying

A 
rigid posture
long pauses
repetition
less blinks 
reduction of arm/hand movement
40
Q

display rules

A

rules on how and when to express emotions

ex: winners should not brad, losers shouldn’t mope, men shouldn’t cry

41
Q

Study Comparing Disgust Expressions in American and Japanese Students

A

Both groups viewed a film showing a graphic medical procedure in two different conditions
1) In the presence of an authority figure
2) alone
When alone, both groups felt perfectly comfortable expressing disgust
When in presence of authority figure, Japs did not express disgust, they masked their responses with non-Duchenne smiles
Americans showed the same level of disgust in both conditions

42
Q

Darwin: Facial Expressions Evolved due to Their Functional Role in Survival

A

The expression of fear, raised eyebrows and widely opened eyes, increased the scope of vision for someone looking for options for escape
People posing fear faces actually see better in terms of tests of peripheral vision and quickness of eye movements
GOOD THING

43
Q

Affective neuroscience

A

study of the brain’s role in emotion

emotion is related to cognitive processing

44
Q

amygdala

A

area of brain used for processing emotion, especially fear
connected to the hypothalamus: controls the ANS
hippocampus: memory
thalamus: sensory info
cerebral cortex

45
Q

damaged amygdala

A

more likely to trust people who are untrustworthy

can’t recognize faces of fear

46
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

damage to left part: depression

role in appraisal and reappraisal of emotion

47
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

active during physical or emotional pain

most active when people recall or imagine emotional experiences

48
Q

insula

A

involved in interception: perception of bodily sense

active during experience of pain and empathy for other peoples pain

PSYCH 1022 (14 decks)

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