Chapter 11- Emotion Flashcards
How do emotions differ from drives
- not linked with needs
- can be associated with anything
- can override drives
Affect
variety of phenomena that includes emotions, mood, and affective traits
Emotions
-brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology
-when a meaningful situation happens
-occupy the foreground of consciousness
-make us pay attention
can impact memory, attention, decision making and perception
ex: happy, sad, angry
Moods
-short changes in affect that fluctuate
-affective states that are longer than emotions
-experienced both physiologically and psychologically
-occupy the background of consciousness
-make certain emotions more likely to occur than others
ex: irritable mood makes people more likely to be angry
can be either positive or negative
Affective traits
- stable characteristic of personality that make an emotion more likely to occur
ex: someone with an affective trait of hostility is more likely to be angry when cut off in traffic
Basic emotions
emotions common to all humans
ex- anger, disgust, fear, happy, sadness, surprise
-are not single states
-groups of related emotions
Emotional family
-groups of similar/related emotions
ex: fear family contains anxiety, trepidation, and nervousness
happiness family contains joy, contentment, amusement, exhilaration
Russel’s Model
- emotions exist in two dimensions:
1) arousal
2) displeasure-pleasure
Self conscious emotions
-society and expectations
-displayed by recognizable expressions
shame, guilt, humiliation, pride, embarassement,
Evolutionary perspective of emotions
- emotions are adaptations
- increase survival and sexual success
Organized Responses
- adaptation of negative emotions
- increased survival, allowed individuals to respond to challenges
Negative emotions
promotes a narrow view on the world
Positive emotions
- expands outlook on world
- helps build new skills
- love, amusement, contentment, happiness
Broaden and Build model
- fredrickson’s model on positive emotions
- positive emotions expand our cognitive perspective
- helps us acquire new skills
When people are in positive moods they perform ______ on tasks of selective attention (require narrow attention)
-poorly
People in positive moods perform better on tasks that require ____
- a broader attentional focus
ex: task where people had to write a list of all the uses of a brick, people in positive moods did way better - came up with more words and more creative words
Positive mood affect on a perceptual task (attention to visual information)
enhanced attention to visual information in the outer edges of a visual display rather than centre
indicates that positive moods cause people to take in more visual information
Describe emotions as a process .. draw it out
1) Antecedent event: event that may lead to an emotional response
2) Appraisal: evaluating events to see if they’re good/bad (relevant)
- automatic/occurs outside awareness
- controls whether an emotion is brought up
3) Emotional response: change that generates emotion if antecedent event is appraised as relevant
Types of emotional responses
1) Physiological
2) Behavioural-Expressive
3) Subjective Experience
Physiological changes
- emotions that create changes in the body/physiology, increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
- produced by Autonomic nervous system: controls circulatory and respiratory system
Emotions that are concerned with survival (fear) elicit the
Sympathetic NS
-organized response
increases heart rate and blood pressure
-pumps blood to muscles, increases oxygen intake
-turns off any structures not needed, like digestion
Positive Emotions elicit the
Parasympathetic NS
- used to relax the body
ex: fredrickson showed scary clips to people, afterwards showed them clips of sadness, amusement, contentment, or no emotion - measured cardiovascular activity
- when shown clips of pleasure after scary ones, the cardiovascular activation from the scary clips was brought down back to normal faster
- shows that the parasympathetic branch was used to undo the negative emotional arousal
Behavioural-Expressive Changes
emotions that causes changes in behaviour and expressions
FACS
Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
- measuring all possible muscular movements in face
- determines widespread facial expressions
Most recognizable facial expression
a smile
-not all are created equal
Duchenne smile
a true smile
-contracts muscles of lips diagonally and muscles surrounding the eye
Non-duchenne smile
- fake smile
- only contracts muscles of lips
Voice
sensitive to emotions
-innervated by ANS
Changes in Subjective Experience
-changes in how an emotion feels (physical and cognitive)
James Lang
Cannon Bard
2 factor
James Lang theory
body sensations produce emotions
-bodily feedback
-experience body sensation first, emotion after
ex: I feel a lump in my throat, therefore I am sad
I am trembling therefore i am scared
we have different emotions because each emotion is associated with different feelings
Support of J L theory
and Evidence against
-many cultures report body sensations with emotions
ex: butterflies in stomach=nervousness
lump in throat= sadness
AGAINST
-people with spinal cord injuries still have subjective experience of emotions
Cannon Bard theory
-emotions are created by two separate parallel brain processes: cognitive and physiology
react to a stimulus and experience an emotion at the same time
ex: I see a snake, i am afraid and i begin to tremble
two factor theory
emotion is caused by arousal and appraisal
physiology and cognition are connected
make a decision on an emotion based on what fits the circumstances
ex: “dssS”
Polygraph
-measures ANS activity/arousal
-heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, skin conductivity
measured by control question test and guilty knowledge test
control question test
- ask neutral questions u can lie on
- compare that response to questions people can lie on
guilty knowledge test
-measuring activity based on questions only the guilty person would know
problems with polygraphs
70-85% reliable
only measures arousal, can mistake it for anxiety
brain fingerprinting
- measuring brain activity to determine lies
- eeg
Most reliable measures of someone that is lying
rigid posture long pauses repetition less blinks reduction of arm/hand movement
display rules
rules on how and when to express emotions
ex: winners should not brad, losers shouldn’t mope, men shouldn’t cry
Study Comparing Disgust Expressions in American and Japanese Students
Both groups viewed a film showing a graphic medical procedure in two different conditions
1) In the presence of an authority figure
2) alone
When alone, both groups felt perfectly comfortable expressing disgust
When in presence of authority figure, Japs did not express disgust, they masked their responses with non-Duchenne smiles
Americans showed the same level of disgust in both conditions
Darwin: Facial Expressions Evolved due to Their Functional Role in Survival
The expression of fear, raised eyebrows and widely opened eyes, increased the scope of vision for someone looking for options for escape
People posing fear faces actually see better in terms of tests of peripheral vision and quickness of eye movements
GOOD THING
Affective neuroscience
study of the brain’s role in emotion
emotion is related to cognitive processing
amygdala
area of brain used for processing emotion, especially fear
connected to the hypothalamus: controls the ANS
hippocampus: memory
thalamus: sensory info
cerebral cortex
damaged amygdala
more likely to trust people who are untrustworthy
can’t recognize faces of fear
prefrontal cortex
damage to left part: depression
role in appraisal and reappraisal of emotion
anterior cingulate cortex
active during physical or emotional pain
most active when people recall or imagine emotional experiences
insula
involved in interception: perception of bodily sense
active during experience of pain and empathy for other peoples pain
