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PSYCH 1022 > Chapter 11- Motivation > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

-the moving towards one’s goal

accomplishing a task

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2
Q

Needs

A
  • biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compels drives
  • ex: food, water, oxygen
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3
Q

Drives

A

-tension caused by deficiency in needs
come from the body
-push us into action
-ex: hunger, thirst

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4
Q

Motivated behaviours

A

needs and drives

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5
Q

Incentive

A
  • anything from the environment that motivates behaviour
  • pull us into action
    ex: money is the incentive to get a job, getting a uni degree is the incentive behind studying
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6
Q

Evolutionary theory of motivation

A

Major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives: hunger, thirst, body-temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex
Desires, wants, and needs have been shaped over the course of evolution to guide behaviour either toward adaptive or away from maladaptive actions

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7
Q

Study of Sexual Motivation

Women kept a diary of their clothing style across their menstrual cycle

A

Women took picture every day, men rated clothing as sexier and the women more attractive during the fertile phase
Sexual behaviour in humans is enhanced at times when the chance of conception is most likely

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8
Q

Instinct

A

an inherited behavioural tendency
helps ensure survival
do something because it feels good, stop because it feels bad

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9
Q

Drive reduction model

A

maintaining homeostasis

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • physiological balance
  • maintaining equilibrium around a set point
  • feedback loop
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11
Q

Yerkes- Dodson Law

A

moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance

-low and high arousal leads to bad performance

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12
Q

Optimal Arousal Model of Motivation

A

Humans motivated to be optimally aroused (not too much and not too little)

Needs like: curiosity, learning, interest, beauty-aesthetics, competence, challenge, flow states and optimal experiences

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13
Q

Having a person lie down on a bed or in a sensory deprivation/salt water tank
People can’t remain in sensory deprivation for more than

A

People can’t remain in sensory deprivation for more than 2-3 days even if paid double their daily wage for staying
When stayed for only a few days, “pathology of boredom” developed

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14
Q

Long periods of sensory deprivation people begin to:

A

Hallucinate
Depleted cognitive and concentration
Develop childish emotional responses

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15
Q

long term sensory deprivation in rats

A

Shrinks brain regions that are involved in the deprived senses
Another example of plasticity in the brain

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16
Q

“Flow”

A

people perform best and are most creative when they are optimally/moderately challenged

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17
Q

Maslows hierarchy of needs

A

1) Physiological needs
2) Safety and security needs
3) Love and belonging needs
4) Esteem needs
5) Self actualization

only once lower levels have been satisfied, can you reach the highest levels

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18
Q

physiological needs

A

-lowest level

food, water, oxygen body temp

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19
Q

safety and security needs

A

-safety and protection from danger

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20
Q

love and belonging needs

A

need to have friends, family, a mate, sex, children

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21
Q

esteem needs

A

need to be appreciated and respected

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22
Q

self actualization

A

full realization of your potential and abilities

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23
Q

Kenrick’s Evolutionary Model of Motivation

A

replaces self actualization with 3 reproductive goal

1) acquiring a mate
2) retaining a mate
3) parenting

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24
Q

Two basic drive states

A

hunger and sex

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25
Q

metabolism

A

rate at which we consume energy

-When our energy has been depleted, hunger drives us to replenish it by eating

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26
Q

Drive-reduction perspective of hunger

A

being hungry depends not only on how much food we have consumed recently, but also on how much energy is available for organ function

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27
Q

4 biological components of hunger

A

Stomach
Blood
Brain
Hormones and neurochemicals

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28
Q

The Stomach

A

-Growling results from gastric secretions hat are activated by the brain when we think of, see, or smell food
Hunger can also cause the stomach to contract

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29
Q

contractions

A

Contractions : occur when he stomach and small intestine have been relatively empty for about 2 hours
Do not cause hunger : people who have their stomachs removed for medical reasons still feel hunger, rats with severed nerves between stomach and brain still feel hunger

30
Q

Blood

A

has glucose
a simple sugar in blood that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain
Some organs, like the brain, can only use glucose for energy

31
Q

When we go without eating:

A

When we go without eating:
Blood sugar levels drop
Hypothalamus triggers the drive to obtain food

32
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • master of all major motives, regulates hunger by monitoring glucose levels
  • some parts lack a blood brain barrier
  • crucial role in sexual behaviour
33
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

Stimulation promotes feeding (even in overweight rats)
increases hunger
Destruction results in losing weight

34
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

promotes satiety (feeling full)
-decreases hunger
Stimulation leads to under feeding and weight loss
Inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system
Destruction leads to overfeeding and weight gain

35
Q

Stimulate feeding hormones

A 
Ghrelin
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Orexin
Melanin
Endocannabinoids
36
Q

Ghrelin

A

-the hungry hormone

released from digestive system; levels rise when we are hungry and fall after we eat

37
Q

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

released in hypothalamus when an animal is hungry

38
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

Naturally occurring neurochemicals that can increase appetite

Blocking receptor sites for endocannabinoids leads to a decrease in eating and to weight loss

39
Q

Hormones that suppress appetite

A

Cholecystokinin (CKK)
Leptin
Insulin
Peptide YY (PYY)

40
Q

Insulin

A

Produced by the pancreas
Production stimulated by rising glucose levels
Transports glucose out of blood and into cells, thus decreasing hunger

41
Q

Food preferences

A

shaped by evolutionary forces
Most humans crave the basic nutrients out bodies require and that were scarce during ancestral times: salt, sugar, and fat

42
Q

Choice of what we eat

A

driven by culture
Different cultures expose children to different flavours
However, exposure does not immediately lead to preference
Often takes multiple exposures, 8-10, before children like a food that they initially disliked

43
Q

Visual or auditory cues associated with food through classical conditioning

A

an trigger feeding, even with people who have aren’t hungry

44
Q

Participants were told to eat as much tomato soup as they liked, either from a normal bowl or a secretly self-refilling bowl

A

Those who had soup from self-refilling bowl consumed more calories than the control group, even though they both estimated that they ate the same amount

we rely on our eyes, not our stomachs, to tell us when we are full

45
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Cannot maintain 85% of their ideal body weight for their height
Have an intense fear of eating
Have distorted body image
Do not recognize that they are unusually thin or that they have an eating disorder
Unknown causes
Factors like reactivity to stress, genetics and personality put people at risk

46
Q

Bulimia Nervose

A

Characterized by binge eating and feeling a lack of control during the eating session
Regularly engages in self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, strict dieting, or fasting in order to prevent weight gain

47
Q

STUDY: More than 31,000 fraternal and identical twin pairs (both male and female) from Sweden

A

Examined the genetics of anorexia nervosa
56% of variability in whether or not people develop anorexia nervosa is due to genetics
38% attributable to the common environments shared by family members
People who are more prone to anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem were more likely to develop anorexia

48
Q

Anorexics

A

higher in neuroticism
more conscientious
more introverted
less open to new and novel situations

49
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A 
BMI= weight
            height
healthiest BMI range: between 20 and 25
overweight: 26 to 29.9
obese: 30 or above
50
Q

Canadian Community Health Survey reported that over

__ of adult Canadians were overweight and roughly ___ were obese

A

1/3

23%

51
Q

Genes appear to be responsible for ___of adult weight

A

70%

52
Q

STUDY

Adults who had been adopted as children

A

were much closer in weight to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents

53
Q

Certain types of obesity are caused by a mutation to the gene that produces the

A

leptin hormone

Genes also control the number of fat cells a person has

54
Q

Sexual behaviour

A

actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm
first studied by Masters and Johnson

55
Q

Human Sexual Response

A

1) Excitement
2) Plateau
3) Orgasm
4) Resolution

56
Q

1) Excitement

A

vaginal lubrication in female

erection in male

57
Q

2) Plateau

A

-high excitement levels, pre orgasm
Men: short plateau phase but orgasm always follows
Women: long plateau phase and orgasm doesn’t always follow

58
Q

3) Orgasm

A

Some women can have multiple orgasm

Men always have a refractory period immediately following orgasm where the erection is lost and orgasm is not possible

59
Q

4) Resolution

A

the end

60
Q

Arousal only happens in women if women have

A

the right balance of thoughts and feelings dealing with intimacy, closeness, trust and lack of fear and anxiety

61
Q

Men’s sexual response

A

-only one pattern

sometimes second orgasm after refractory

62
Q

Women’ sexual response

A

Response pattern like men, but can achieve multiple orgasms
Women gets aroused and stays at plateau level, never reaching orgasm
Women gets aroused and excited, skips the plateau phase and has a quick resolution

63
Q

lesioning the hypothalamus leads to ____ sexual behaviour

A

decreased

64
Q

stimulating the hypothalamus leads to ___ sexual behaviour

A

increased

65
Q

The part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behaviour is larger in

A

men

66
Q

Brain during orgasm

A

-deactivation of amygdala and hippocampus, parts of cortex
-faked orgasms activated these areas too
men show deactivation in left amygdala

67
Q

Testosterone

A

Major male sex hormone
Controls sex drive in male and women
Produced by adrenal glands

68
Q

Sexual Desire Cycle in Females

A

Female initiated sexual behaviour peaks around ovulation, before menstruation and after menstruation
As women approach ovulation, the frequency and intensity of their fantasies involving sex with men other than their partner increase
Such an increase makes sense from an evolutionary perspective, its most likely to become pregnant during ovulation

69
Q

There are three kinds of societies in terms of sexual attitudes

A

1) Restrictive societies: restrict sex before and outside marriage
2) Semi-restrictive societies: prohibits sex before and outside marriage but not enforced
3) permissive societies: few restrictions on sex

70
Q

Parental Investment Theory

A

explains the gender difference in attitudes about casual sex
Cost of sex is much greater for women than men, pregnancy, lactation
If pregnant, women has to contribute 9 months of pregnancy and many years to care for the child
Men only have to contribute sex
Women are less motivated to have sex with little emotional commitment- can have consequences that endure a lifetime
Been harshly criticized for being too narrow and failing to consider other equally plausible explanations

PSYCH 1022 (14 decks)

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