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PSYCH 1022 > Chapter 11- Motivation > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

-the moving towards one’s goal

accomplishing a task

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2
Q

Needs

A
  • biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compels drives
  • ex: food, water, oxygen
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3
Q

Drives

A

-tension caused by deficiency in needs
come from the body
-push us into action
-ex: hunger, thirst

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4
Q

Motivated behaviours

A

needs and drives

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5
Q

Incentive

A
  • anything from the environment that motivates behaviour
  • pull us into action
    ex: money is the incentive to get a job, getting a uni degree is the incentive behind studying
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6
Q

Evolutionary theory of motivation

A

Major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives: hunger, thirst, body-temperature regulation, oxygen, and sex
Desires, wants, and needs have been shaped over the course of evolution to guide behaviour either toward adaptive or away from maladaptive actions

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7
Q

Study of Sexual Motivation

Women kept a diary of their clothing style across their menstrual cycle

A

Women took picture every day, men rated clothing as sexier and the women more attractive during the fertile phase
Sexual behaviour in humans is enhanced at times when the chance of conception is most likely

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8
Q

Instinct

A

an inherited behavioural tendency
helps ensure survival
do something because it feels good, stop because it feels bad

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9
Q

Drive reduction model

A

maintaining homeostasis

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • physiological balance
  • maintaining equilibrium around a set point
  • feedback loop
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11
Q

Yerkes- Dodson Law

A

moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance

-low and high arousal leads to bad performance

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12
Q

Optimal Arousal Model of Motivation

A

Humans motivated to be optimally aroused (not too much and not too little)

Needs like: curiosity, learning, interest, beauty-aesthetics, competence, challenge, flow states and optimal experiences

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13
Q

Having a person lie down on a bed or in a sensory deprivation/salt water tank
People can’t remain in sensory deprivation for more than

A

People can’t remain in sensory deprivation for more than 2-3 days even if paid double their daily wage for staying
When stayed for only a few days, “pathology of boredom” developed

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14
Q

Long periods of sensory deprivation people begin to:

A

Hallucinate
Depleted cognitive and concentration
Develop childish emotional responses

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15
Q

long term sensory deprivation in rats

A

Shrinks brain regions that are involved in the deprived senses
Another example of plasticity in the brain

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16
Q

“Flow”

A

people perform best and are most creative when they are optimally/moderately challenged

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17
Q

Maslows hierarchy of needs

A

1) Physiological needs
2) Safety and security needs
3) Love and belonging needs
4) Esteem needs
5) Self actualization

only once lower levels have been satisfied, can you reach the highest levels

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18
Q

physiological needs

A

-lowest level

food, water, oxygen body temp

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19
Q

safety and security needs

A

-safety and protection from danger

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20
Q

love and belonging needs

A

need to have friends, family, a mate, sex, children

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21
Q

esteem needs

A

need to be appreciated and respected

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22
Q

self actualization

A

full realization of your potential and abilities

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23
Q

Kenrick’s Evolutionary Model of Motivation

A

replaces self actualization with 3 reproductive goal

1) acquiring a mate
2) retaining a mate
3) parenting

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24
Q

Two basic drive states

A

hunger and sex

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25
metabolism
rate at which we consume energy | -When our energy has been depleted, hunger drives us to replenish it by eating
26
Drive-reduction perspective of hunger
being hungry depends not only on how much food we have consumed recently, but also on how much energy is available for organ function
27
4 biological components of hunger
Stomach Blood Brain Hormones and neurochemicals
28
The Stomach
-Growling results from gastric secretions hat are activated by the brain when we think of, see, or smell food Hunger can also cause the stomach to contract
29
contractions
Contractions : occur when he stomach and small intestine have been relatively empty for about 2 hours Do not cause hunger : people who have their stomachs removed for medical reasons still feel hunger, rats with severed nerves between stomach and brain still feel hunger
30
Blood
has glucose a simple sugar in blood that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain Some organs, like the brain, can only use glucose for energy
31
When we go without eating:
When we go without eating: Blood sugar levels drop Hypothalamus triggers the drive to obtain food
32
Hypothalamus
- master of all major motives, regulates hunger by monitoring glucose levels - some parts lack a blood brain barrier - crucial role in sexual behaviour
33
lateral hypothalamus
Stimulation promotes feeding (even in overweight rats) increases hunger Destruction results in losing weight
34
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
promotes satiety (feeling full) -decreases hunger Stimulation leads to under feeding and weight loss Inhibits the parasympathetic nervous system Destruction leads to overfeeding and weight gain
35
Stimulate feeding hormones
``` Ghrelin Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Orexin Melanin Endocannabinoids ```
36
Ghrelin
-the hungry hormone | released from digestive system; levels rise when we are hungry and fall after we eat
37
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
released in hypothalamus when an animal is hungry
38
Endocannabinoids
Naturally occurring neurochemicals that can increase appetite Blocking receptor sites for endocannabinoids leads to a decrease in eating and to weight loss
39
Hormones that suppress appetite
Cholecystokinin (CKK) Leptin Insulin Peptide YY (PYY)
40
Insulin
Produced by the pancreas Production stimulated by rising glucose levels Transports glucose out of blood and into cells, thus decreasing hunger
41
Food preferences
shaped by evolutionary forces Most humans crave the basic nutrients out bodies require and that were scarce during ancestral times: salt, sugar, and fat
42
Choice of what we eat
driven by culture Different cultures expose children to different flavours However, exposure does not immediately lead to preference Often takes multiple exposures, 8-10, before children like a food that they initially disliked
43
Visual or auditory cues associated with food through classical conditioning
an trigger feeding, even with people who have aren't hungry
44
Participants were told to eat as much tomato soup as they liked, either from a normal bowl or a secretly self-refilling bowl
Those who had soup from self-refilling bowl consumed more calories than the control group, even though they both estimated that they ate the same amount we rely on our eyes, not our stomachs, to tell us when we are full
45
Anorexia Nervosa
Cannot maintain 85% of their ideal body weight for their height Have an intense fear of eating Have distorted body image Do not recognize that they are unusually thin or that they have an eating disorder Unknown causes Factors like reactivity to stress, genetics and personality put people at risk
46
Bulimia Nervose
Characterized by binge eating and feeling a lack of control during the eating session Regularly engages in self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, strict dieting, or fasting in order to prevent weight gain
47
STUDY: More than 31,000 fraternal and identical twin pairs (both male and female) from Sweden
Examined the genetics of anorexia nervosa 56% of variability in whether or not people develop anorexia nervosa is due to genetics 38% attributable to the common environments shared by family members People who are more prone to anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem were more likely to develop anorexia
48
Anorexics
higher in neuroticism more conscientious more introverted less open to new and novel situations
49
Body Mass Index (BMI)
``` BMI= weight height healthiest BMI range: between 20 and 25 overweight: 26 to 29.9 obese: 30 or above ```
50
Canadian Community Health Survey reported that over | __ of adult Canadians were overweight and roughly ___ were obese
1/3 | 23%
51
Genes appear to be responsible for ___of adult weight
70%
52
STUDY | Adults who had been adopted as children
were much closer in weight to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents
53
Certain types of obesity are caused by a mutation to the gene that produces the
leptin hormone | Genes also control the number of fat cells a person has
54
Sexual behaviour
actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm first studied by Masters and Johnson
55
Human Sexual Response
1) Excitement 2) Plateau 3) Orgasm 4) Resolution
56
1) Excitement
vaginal lubrication in female | erection in male
57
2) Plateau
-high excitement levels, pre orgasm Men: short plateau phase but orgasm always follows Women: long plateau phase and orgasm doesn’t always follow
58
3) Orgasm
Some women can have multiple orgasm | Men always have a refractory period immediately following orgasm where the erection is lost and orgasm is not possible
59
4) Resolution
the end
60
Arousal only happens in women if women have
the right balance of thoughts and feelings dealing with intimacy, closeness, trust and lack of fear and anxiety
61
Men's sexual response
-only one pattern | sometimes second orgasm after refractory
62
Women' sexual response
Response pattern like men, but can achieve multiple orgasms Women gets aroused and stays at plateau level, never reaching orgasm Women gets aroused and excited, skips the plateau phase and has a quick resolution
63
lesioning the hypothalamus leads to ____ sexual behaviour
decreased
64
stimulating the hypothalamus leads to ___ sexual behaviour
increased
65
The part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behaviour is larger in
men
66
Brain during orgasm
-deactivation of amygdala and hippocampus, parts of cortex -faked orgasms activated these areas too men show deactivation in left amygdala
67
Testosterone
Major male sex hormone Controls sex drive in male and women Produced by adrenal glands
68
Sexual Desire Cycle in Females
Female initiated sexual behaviour peaks around ovulation, before menstruation and after menstruation As women approach ovulation, the frequency and intensity of their fantasies involving sex with men other than their partner increase Such an increase makes sense from an evolutionary perspective, its most likely to become pregnant during ovulation
69
There are three kinds of societies in terms of sexual attitudes
1) Restrictive societies: restrict sex before and outside marriage 2) Semi-restrictive societies: prohibits sex before and outside marriage but not enforced 3) permissive societies: few restrictions on sex
70
Parental Investment Theory
explains the gender difference in attitudes about casual sex Cost of sex is much greater for women than men, pregnancy, lactation If pregnant, women has to contribute 9 months of pregnancy and many years to care for the child Men only have to contribute sex Women are less motivated to have sex with little emotional commitment- can have consequences that endure a lifetime Been harshly criticized for being too narrow and failing to consider other equally plausible explanations

PSYCH 1022 (14 decks)

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