Chapter 15; Eye Flashcards
enlarging pupil size
mydriasis
decreasing pupil size
miosis
3rd and innermost membrane, sensory portion of the eye; helps change light waves to neuroimpulses for interpretation as visual impulses by the brain
retina
round w/clear margins, nasal aspect of the retina
optic disc
responsible for central vision; yellow, piglike center called the fovea centralism appears as hyper pigmented spot on the temporal aspect of the retina
macula
normal refractive condition of the eye
emmetropia
nearsightedness; light rays focus in front of the retina
myopia
farsightedness; light rays focus behind the retina
hyperopia
eyelids, movable folds of skin that cover and protect the eyes
palpebrae
opening between the upper and lower lids
palpebral fissure
soft yellow plaques on the lids @ inner cants; no pathological significance (older adult)
xanthelasma
yellowish nodules that are thickened areas of the bulbar conjuctiva caused by prolonged exposure to sun, wind and dust (older adult)
pingueculae
opacity of the bulbar conductive that can grow over the cornea and block vision (older adult)
pterygium
by age 45, lens of the eyes loses elasticity and the ciliary muscles become weaker, resulting in decreased ability of the lens to change shape to accommodate for near vision; produces a drooping appearance (older adult)
presbyopia
small, round yellow dots scattered on the retina; does not interfere w/vision; as patient ages lens continue to thicken and yellow, forming a dense area that reduces lens clarity
cataract
moves the eye outward, away from the nose
lateral rectus
moves the eye inward, toward the nose
medial rectus
moves the eye upward or temporally
superior rectus
moves the eye downward or temporally
inferior rectus
move eye down or nasally
superior oblique
move eye up or temporally
inferior oblique
dependent on the ability of the eye to refract light rays and focus them on the retina
visual acuity
20ft feet from chart; cover one eye; test for distance
snellen chart
12-14 inches holding chart; test for vision
rosenbaum chart
sitting 2-3 feet from examiner (eye level), cover one eye, use pen and advance it in from the periphery to the midline point
peripheral vision test
testing eye movement and muscles of eyes; stand 2 feet away from patient; letter H method or wagon wheel
6 cardinal fields of gaze
abnormal occurrence during 6 cardinal fields of gaze test, there could be weakness in the extra ocular muscles or cranial nerve III
nystagmus;
**rapid fluttering of the eyeball, occurs at completion of rapid lateral eye movement
detect strabismus; performed on infants and children; shine light 12 inches from patient in cornea of eyes; light should be center or symmetrical
corneal light reflex
performed on children; assess ocular deviation; cover one eye and observe uncovered eye
cover test;
***if weakness in one eye muscle the fusion reflex is blocked when one eye is covered and the weakness of the eye can be observed
PERRLA?
pupils equal round reactive to light accommodation?
what is accommodation?
accommodating to distance, look further they are dilated, look closer they are constricted
reflection of the light off the retina
red reflex exam
** if no red reflex, patient may have cataract, opacity of the lens**
refraction of light spread over a wide area rather than distinct point; vision may be blurred or doubled
astigmatism
total area in which objects can be seen in the periphery while the eye remains focused on a central point
visual field
results in blind spots in localized damaged areas
retinal damage
results in unilateral blindness
lesions in optic nerve
results in decreased peripheral vision
increased intraocular pressure
vision diminishes in affected area
retinal vascular damage/retinal detachment
condition which the axes of the eye cannot be directed at the same object
strabismus
the eye deviates inward; convergent
esotropia
the eye deviates outward; divergent
exotropia
sluggish pupil response; usually unilateral but can be bilateral
tonic pupil (adies pupil)
small, irregular pupils that exist bilaterally and are nonreactive to light
argyll robertson pupils
unilaterally dilated pupil; no reaction to light; ptosis may be seen
cranial nerve III damage
unequal pupillary size, which may be a normal finding or may indicate CNS disease
anisocoria
unilateral, small regular pupil that is nonreactive to light
horners syndrome
fixed and dilated pupils, may occur w/sympathetic nerve stimulation, glaucoma, CNS damage, or deep anesthesia
Mydriasis
pupil is oval-shaped and dilated; cornea appears cloudy w/circumcorneal redness; sudden increase in intraocular pressure resulting from blocked flow of fluid from the anterior chamber; pain onset is sudden and accompanied by decrease in vision and halos around light
glaucoma
usually seen on the lower lid and medial cants; papular appearance
basal cell carcinoma
inflammation of the eyelids, staph infection leads to red, scaly and crusted lids; eye burns, itches and tears
blepharitis
opacity of the lens, usually occurs in aging
cataract
firm, contender nodule on the eyelid, arising from infection of the meibomian gland; not painful unless inflamed
chalazion
inversion of the lid and lashes caused by muscle spasm of the eye lids
friction from lashes can cause corneal irritation
entropion
result of staph infection of hair follicles on the margin of the lids, affected eye is swollen, red and painful
stye (hordeolum)
pupil is often irregular;
serious disorder characterized by redness around the iris and cornea, decreased vision and deep, aching pain
iritis
swollen, puffy lids;
occurs w/crying, infection, trauma, and systemic problems including kidney failure, heart failure and allergy
periorbital edema
infection of the conjunctiva due to bacteria or virus but which may result from chemical exposure
conjuntivitis (pink eye)
eversion of the lower eyelid caused by muscle weakness, exposing the palpebral conjunctiva
ectropion
leading cause of blindness in the US; changes that occur in the retina and vasculature; damage to blood vessels (micro aneurysm and retinal hemorrhages)
diabetic retinopathy
blood vessels around macula damage; blurred central vision while peripheral vision remains intact
macular degeneration
vessels under become thin/brittle
dry macular degeneration
vessels break down, regenerate, then leak blood/fluid
wet macular degeneration
