Chapter 13: Skin, Hair and Nails Flashcards
outer layer of skin
epidermis
underlying layer of skin
dermis
fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its tough, protective qualities
keratin
skin pigment
melanin
connective tissue that lies below the epidermis; consists of collagen and elastic fibers
dermis
loose connective tissue that stores approx. half of the bodys fat cells
subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)
produce a clear perspiration made up of water and salts; more numerous and more widely distributed
eccrine sweat glands
produce a secretion made up of water, salt, protein and fatty acids
apocrine sweat glands
produce sebum, oily secretion composted of fat and retain that is usually released into hair follicles
sebaceous glands (oil glands)
thin, flexible, elongated fiber composed of dead, keratinizes that grow out in a columnar fashion
hair
pale, fine, short strand, grows over the entire body except for lips, nipples and palms
vellus hair
hair of eyebrows and scalp is darker, coarser and longer
terminal hair
thin plates of kertanized epidermal cells the shield the distal ends of the fingers and toes
nails
white, cheeselike structure of sebum and epidermal cells (pediatric)
vernix caseosa
tiny white facial papules (pediatric)
milia
gray, blue or purple spots in the sacral and buttocks area of newborns
Mongolion spots
fine, downy hair of the newborn; replaced within a few months by vellus hair
lanugo
hyper pigmented patches on face (70% of women)
chloasma or melasma
dark line running from umbilicus to the pubic area
linea nigra
liver spots; look like hyper pigmented freckles (geriatric)
senile lentigines
small, bright red spots common in older adults
cherry angiomas
flat, non palpable change in the skin color; smaller than 1cm (freckles, measles)
macule/patch
elevated, solid palpable masses with circumscribed border; smaller than 0.5 cm (elevated moles, warts)
papule/plaque
elevated, solid, hard or soft palpable mass extending deeper into dermis; smaller than 2cm
nodule/tumor
elevated, fluid filled, round or oval shaped, palpable massed with thin, translucent walls and circumscribed borders; smaller than 0.5cm (herpes, chickenpox, small burn blister)
vesicle/bulla
elevated, often reddish area with an irregular border caused by diffuse fluid in tissues; size varies (insect bites, hives)
wheal
elevated, pus-filled vesicle or bulla with a circumscribed border; size varies (acne)
pustule
elevated, encapsulated, fluid filled or semisolid mass originating in subQ tissue or dermis
cyst
a transluscent, dry, paper like sometimes wrinkled skin surface resulting from thinning or wasting of the skin due to loss of collagen
atrophy
wearing away of the superficial epidermis causing a moist, shallow depression; usually heal without scarring (Scratch marks, ruptured vesicles)
erosion
a rough, thickened, hardened area of epidermis resulting from chronic irritation such as scratching or rubbing
lichenification
shedding flakes of greasy, keratinized skin tissue. color may be white, gray or silver; texture may vary from fine to thick (dry skin, dandruff, eczema)
scales
dry blood, serum or pus on the skin surface from burst vesicles or pustules; can be red-brown, orange or yellow; large crusts are called scabs
crust
a deep, irregularly shaped area of skin loss extending into the dermis or subq tissue
ulcer
a linear crack with sharp edges extending into the dermis
fissure
flat, irregular area of connective tissue left after a lesion or wound has healed
scar
elevated, irregular, darkened area of excess scar tissue caused by excessive collagen formation during healing that extends beyond the site of the original injury
keloid
lesions with a circular shape
annular
lesions that run together
confluent
lesions that are separate and discrete
discrete
lesions that appear in clusters
grouped
lesions with concentric circles of color
target
lesions that appear as a line
linear
lesions that are circular but united
polycyclic
lesions arranged in a linear manner along a nerve route
zosteriform
fungal infection affecting the body, scalp or feet
tinea
highly contagious viral disease that causes a rash of red to purple macule or papule that being on the face then progressed over the neck, trunk, arms and legs; do not blanch
measles
mild infectious disease caused by primary infection with the varicella zoster virus that begins as groups of small, red, fluid filled vesicles usually on the trunk from which the rash progressed to the face, arms and leg
chickenpox (Varicella)
chronic viral infection, progress from vesicle to pustules and then crusts
herpes simplex
causes lesions on the lips and oral mucosa
HSV-1 oral
causes lesions on penis, vagina, butt or anus
HSV-2 genital
reactivation of the dormant varicella zoster virus, which typically invaded the body during attack of chickenpox; clusters of small vesicles form on the skin along the route of sensory nerves
herpes zoster (shingles)
thickening of the skin in dry, silvery, scaly patches that occurs w/overproduction of skin cells resulting in buildup of cells faster than they can be shed
psoriasis
internally provoked inflammation of the skin caused redden papule and vesicles that ooze and week and possible crust formation; scalp, face, elbows, knees
eczema
inflammation of the skin due to an allergy of a substance that came in contact with the skin;
contact dermatitis
bright red raised lesion about 2-10 cm that does not blanch and is usually present at birth or within a few months of birth; cluster of immature capillaries
hemangioma
flat, irregularly shaped lesion ranging from pale red to deep purple-red; large flat mass of blood vessels on the skin surface
port-wine stain
flat, irregularly shaped lesion of varying size with no pulsation; no blanching; release of blood from superficial vessels into surrounding tissue due to trauma
ecchymosis
flat, red or purple rounded “freckles” approx 1-3mm; no blanch
petechiae
flat, reddish-blue irregularly shaped extensive patches of varying size; bleeding disorders, scurvy
purpura
raised, irregularly shaped lesion similar to an ecchymosis except that it elevated the skin and looks like a swelling; leakage of blood into the skin and subs tissue
hematoma
begin as shiny papule that develop central ulcers w/rounded pearly edges and occurs most often on regions regular exposed to the sun; proliferation of the cells of the stratum basal into the dermis and subq tissue; most common but least malignant skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
reddened scaly papule then forms a shallow ulcer with a clear delineated elevated border; scalp, ears, back of hands
squamous cell carcinoma
varied pigmentation and may be black, brown, blue or red often with irregular edges with notched borders; greater than 6mm; least common but most serious type of skin cancer
malignant melanoma
painless soft, blue to purple, macular or papular and may resemble keloids or bruises; malignant tumor of the epidermis and internal epithelial tissues
kaposi’s sarcoma
yellow, white greasy scales on the scalp and forehead, similar to eczema; also called cradle cap
seborrhea
highly contagious fungal disease that causes patchy hair loss on the head with skin pustules; transmitted from the soil, from animals or person to person; toddlers and school-age children; ringworm
tinea capitis
sudden hair loss in a round balding patch on the scalp; no known cause
alopecia areata
excess body hair in female on chest, face, stomach, arms and legs following the male pattern that is typically due to endocrine or metabolic dysfunction
hirsutism
infections of hair follicles, appears as pustules with underlying erythema
folliculitis
nails appear more complex and white; angle is greater than 160 degrees
nail clubbing
