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Term 2 > Chapter 15 - Airway Management & Ventilation > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Airway Management & Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

How long can the brain survive without oxygen before permanent damage occurs?

A

6 minutes

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2
Q

What is considered the point of division between the upper and lower airway?

A

Larynx

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3
Q

What is the muscular tube that extends from the nose and mouth to the level of the esophagus and trachea?

A

Pharynx

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4
Q

What is the space called between the vocal cords that is the most narrow part of the adult airway?

A

Glottis

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5
Q

What is a spasmodic defense reflex that closes off the vocal cords and seals off the airway?

A

Laryngospasm

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6
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Produce sticky lining that trap small particles and other potential contaminants

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7
Q

What does Boyle’s law state?

A

The pressure of gas must be proportional to its volume- inhalation

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8
Q

What is a huge red flag for a pediatric patient with trouble breathing?

A

Use of accessory muscles

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9
Q

What law states that molecules of a gas can be dissolved in a liquid and remain in a liquid as long as the liquid is in a pressurized, closed container?

A

Henry’s law

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10
Q

What would rapid and shallow respirations cause?

A

Decreased minute volume

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11
Q

What is normal residual volume?

A

1200

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12
Q

What regulates changes that must be made in order to accommodate oxygen demand by altering rate and depth of ventilation?

A

The ph of cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

What respiratory center takes over if the medulla fails to initiate breathing?

A

Apneustic center of the pons

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14
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors located that measure the amount of carbon dioxide in the arteriole blood located?

A

Carotid bodies and aortic arch

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15
Q

What triggers central chemoreceptors to increase the rate and depth of breathing?

A

An increase in the acidity of CSF

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16
Q

What respiratory group is responsible for initiating inspiration based on information received from the chemoreceptors?

A

Dorsal respiratory group

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17
Q

What respiratory group is responsible for motor control of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles?

A

Ventral respiratory group

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18
Q

What is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Hemoglobin has the ability to change how tightly it holds onto oxygen in response to changes in metabolism. More oxygen molecules are released as the acidity of the blood increases (when ph decrease)

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19
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for children?

A

15-30 breaths

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20
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate for infants?

A

25-50

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21
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus?

A

Systolic BP drops more than 10 during inhalation. Generally seen in patients with de compensating COPD, or other conditions that increase intra thoracic pressure

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22
Q

How can you tell if a patient has an intact gag reflex?

A

If the patients lower eyelid contracts when you gently stroke the upper eyelashes, they probably have an intact gag reflex

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23
Q

When auscultation of a patients breath sounds, if you hear tracheal sounds in areas that should be vesicular sounds, what should you suspect?

A

Consolidation or pneumonia

24
Q

What type of suction catheter is indicated for a stoma?

A

Soft or French tip

25
Q

What is maximum suctioning time for adults, children, and infants?

A

15,10, and 5 seconds

26
Q

What special device is used for inserting an OPA in a child?

A

Tongue blade

27
Q

What should you do if you meet resistance when inserting an NPA?

A

do not force it, try the other nostril

28
Q

What is aphonia?

A

Inability to speak

29
Q

What is dysphonia?

A

Difficulty speaking

30
Q

When should you perform chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts on a choking patient?

A

If they are in advanced stages of pregnancy or morbidly obese

31
Q

What else does the physical act of the chest wall expanding and recoiling during breathing assist with besides ventilation?

A

Aids the circulatory system in returning blood to the heart

32
Q

What is the ventilation rate for an adult with and without an advanced airway who is apneic with a pulse?

A

10-12 without airway, 8-10 with airway

33
Q

What is the ventilation rate for an infant or child before and after an advanced airway is in place who is apneic with a pulse?

A

12-20 without, 8-10 with advanced airway

34
Q

What are indications for CPAP?

A

Pulmonary edema, obstructive lung disease, and acute bronchospasm, pulse ox less than 90

35
Q

What should ventilation time be limited to?

A

1 second

36
Q

What should you use to suction a responsive patient?

A

Nasogastric tube

37
Q

When should you put in an orogastirc suction tube?

A

Severe facial trauma, after ET tube is in place

38
Q

How long should you suction a stoma?

A

10 seconds

39
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Life threatening narrowing of the stoma after the tracheostomy tube becomes dislodged. Soft tissue swelling narrows the diameter of the stoma

40
Q

What is the nemonic for predicting a difficult airway?

A 
L.) ook externally
E.) valuate 3-3-2
M.) allampati
O.) bstruction
N.) eck mobility
41
Q

What does the 3-3-2 rule measure?

A

3 - mouth should be 3 fingers wide when open

3- the space from the chin to the hyoid bone should be at least 3 fingers wide

2- the distance from the hyoid bone to the thyroid notch should be at least 2 fingers wide

42
Q

What is class 1 mallampati?

A

Entire posterior pharynx is fully exposed

43
Q

What is class 2 mallampati?

A

Pharynx is partially exposed?

44
Q

What is class 3 mallampati?

A

Base of the uvula is exposed

45
Q

What is class 4 mallampati?

A

No posterior structures visible

46
Q

What is a good estimate of airway size?

A

Diameter of little finger

47
Q

What sizes of laryngoscope blades are for children?

A

0,1,2

48
Q

What sizes of laryngoscope blades are used for adults?

A

3,4

49
Q

How long should you preoxygenate a patient for before attempting to intubate?

A

2-3 min

50
Q

What is the proper ET tube size for women?

A

7-7.5

51
Q

What is the proper ET tube size for men?

A

7.5-8.5

52
Q

What are ideal candidates for nasotracheal intubation?

A

Responsive patients and patients who have an altered mental status and intact gag reflex who are in respiratory failure due to conditions like asthma, COPD, or pulmonary edema

53
Q

What is the most common complication with nasotracheal intubation?

A

Bleeding

54
Q

What is retrograde intubation?

A

Where a wire is used to guide the ET tube into the trachea

55
Q

What should you do if you are not 100% sure you can reintubate the patient if you must extubate?

A

Sedate the patient with a benzodiazepine

56
Q

What is the formula for determining what size ET tube a child would need?

A

Age + 16 /4

Term 2 (7 decks)

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