Chapter 15 Flashcards
what is abnormal psychology?
The scientific study of psychological disorders.
the _______ _______ approach to understanding mental illness has been a major influence on our practices
medical model
most definitions have four things in common including?
deviance (behaviours are abnormal when they differ from society), distress (behaviours cause distress and unhappiness), dysfunction (behaviours interfere with daily functioning) and danger (dangerous to themselvs and others)
what is the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)?
The system used by most countries to classify psychological disorders; published by the World Health
the leading classification system in north america ________ is the current version
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), DSM-5 is the current version
A list of disorders in North America, with descriptions of the symptoms and guidelines for determining when individuals should be assigned to the categories, is known as the ___________ classification system?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
What are the “four Ds” of abnormal behaviour?
deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger
the perspectives that scientists use to explain phenoma are known as?
models or paradigms
depression seems to be related to which neurotransmitters?
norepinephrin and serotonin
the notion that disorders arise from an interaction of internal and external causes resulted in a model known as?
diathesis stress model
principles on how the environment changes a persons behaviours is?
behavioural perspective
phobia may result because of _______?
classical conditioning
when people display abnormal functioning ________ problems are to blame?
cognitive
abnormal functioning can result from ______ and _______?
maladaptive beliefs and illogical thinking processes
beck discovered what illogical thinking processes?
selective perception (seeing only negative features), magnification (exaggerating importance of undesired events), overgeneralization ( drawing broad negative conclusions)
what is the family systems theory?
each family has its own implicit rules, relationship structure, and communication patterns that shape the behaviour of the individual members
family systems theorists believe _____ and ______ result in abnormal behaviour?
structure and communication
Developmental psychopathology is?
The study of how problem behaviours evolve as a function of a person’s genes and early experiences, and how these early issues affect the person at later life stages.
developmental psychologists attempt to identify?
risk factors
developmental psychologists have contributed to the field of?
equifinality (idea that different children can start from different points and wind up at the same outcome) multifinality (idea that children can start from the same point and wind up at any number of different outcomes)
what is resilience?
ability to recover from or avoid the serious effects of negative circumstances
What major types of brain problems are linked to abnormal functioning?
deficient or excessive activity of neurotransmitters, genetics or viral infections
What of the following is NOT a major model used by psychologists to explain abnormal functioning?
cognitive! all of these are (neuroscience, psychodynamic, socio-cultural)
what are the two primary types of mood disorder
unipolar (depression) and bipolar disorder
what is the opposite of depression called?
mania (euphoria or frenzied energy)
how common is major depressive disorder?
8% of Canadian adults
are woman more likely than men to have depression?
yes it is more common in women
what are the two most influential cognitive behaviours explanations for depression?
learned helplessness and negative thinking
what is the Cognitive triad?
A pattern of thinking in which individuals repeatedly interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed.
(Beck)
what is the most common mental disorder in canada?
anxiety disorder, about 12 %
what is Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
An anxiety disorder in which people feel excessive anxiety and worry under most circumstances.
what do cognitive theorists believe causes anxiety disorder?
dysfunctional assumptions
what is GABBA?
carries inhibitory messages, binds to receptors on neurons, dyfunction cause heightened anxiety
what is the circuit that provides anxiety reactions?
prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, amyglada
what are the 5 categories of phobia?
animals, natural environments, situations, blood and injections, other
what is panic disorder?
anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks that occur without apparent provocation.
panic disorder is often accompanied by?
Agoraphobia (A phobia that makes people avoid public places or situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable should panic symptoms develop.)
around _____% of people have suffered a panic disorder at some point in their life?
21
panic disorder are part of which pathway?
amygdala, hypothalamus, locus ceruleus
what is the difference between compulsions and obsessions?
obsessions (Persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness)
compulsions (Irrational repetitive and rigid behaviours or mental acts that people feel compelled to perform to prevent or reduce anxiety)
how do cognitive behavioural theorists explain OCD?
people acquire compulsions by chance
how do neuroscientists explain OCD?
low activity of serotonin, dysfunction in prefrontal cortex
what is the difference between acute stress disorder and PTSD?
Acute stress disorder (An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month.)
PTSD (An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event.)
what are the 5 factors of stress disorders?
biological and genetic factors, personality, childhood experiencess, social support, cultural backgrounds
Which of the following is NOT a type of anxiety disorder?
- generalized anxiety disorder
- phobias
- social panic disorder **
- social anxiety disorder
What individual factors affect who will develop post traumatic stress disorder?
biological and genetic factors
Which of the following is NOT a type of anxiety disorder?
social panic disorder
what is psychosis?
loss of contact with reality
what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
symptoms that seem to represent pathological excesses in behaviour, including delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, hallucinations, and inappropriate affect.
what are Loose associations, or Derailment?
Derailment/loose associations
common thought disorder of schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic to another
what are negative symptoms of schitzophrenia?
reflect pathological deficits, including poverty of speech, flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal.
what is catatonia?
Extreme psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia, including catatonic stupor, catatonic rigidity, and catatonic posturing.
what drugs are helped to remove the symptoms of schitzophrenia?
antipsychotics
What biochemical abnormalities and brain structures have been associated with schizophrenia?
abnormal activity of the neurotransmitters glutamate and serotonin
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
delusions
what is Somatic (physical) symptom and related disorders?
Excessive thought, feelings, and behaviours related to somatic symptoms.
what is illness anxiety disorder?
preoccupied with having a serious illness while lacking symptoms
what is facticiouss disorder?
assume psychological symptoms to adopt the role of a patient
what is a Dissociative disorder?
A psychological disorder characterized by major loss of memory without a clear physical cause; types include Dissociative amnesia, Dissociative fugue, and Dissociative identity disorder.
dissociative amnesia is?
unable to recall upsetting events
depersonalization disorder?
become detached from the body, observe oneself from a vantage point
a personality disorder is?
an inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour that causes distress or difficulty with daily functioning.
what is antisocial personality dsorder
A personality disorder characterized by extreme and callous disregard for the feelings and rights of others.
what is borderline personality disorder?
A personality disorder characterized by severe instability in emotions and self-concept and high levels of volatility.
People who develop two or more distinct personalities, each with a unique set of memories, behaviours, thoughts, and emotions, have __________ dissociative disorder.
dissociative identity disorder
Which disorder is most closely linked to adult criminal behaviour?
antisocial personality disorder
