Chapter 12 Flashcards
what are freuds levels of consciousness?
conciouss, preconciouss and unconciouss
what are freuds psychosexual stages?
the stages—labelled oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital—are primarily influenced by sexuality and aggression.
defence mechanisms?
Unconscious tactics employed by the ego to protect the individual from anxiety.
what is repression?
The most basic defence mechanism; the process of keeping unpleasant memories or thoughts buried deep within the unconscious mind.
who was interested in how feelings of inferiority motivate behaviour?
alfred adler
who added the collective unconciouss?
inherited memories
carl jung
karen horney?
interested in basic anxiety, cultural differences in behaviour
According to psychoanalytic theory, the personality element in charge of determining which impulses are acceptable to express openly and which are unacceptable; develops as we observe and internalize the behaviours of others in our culture?
superego
Diverting one’s impulses to a more acceptable target is the defence mechanism known as?
displacement
most of the content in our minds of freuds view is?
the unconciouss
what were freuds three central forces in personality development?
id, ego and superego
who had humanistic perspectives?
abraham maslow and carl rogers
what is the humanistic perspective?
people basic goodness and ability to reach full potential
maslows heirachy of needs has what at the top level?
self actualization
rogers idea about the importance of self concept is ?
children need unconditional positive positive regard to develop healthy self concepts
the five factor theory evolved from?
gordon allport and hans esenck
eyesenck identified three personality superfactors?
extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
the five factor theory includes which categories?
agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness to experience
what is situationism?
behaviour is governed primarily by the variables in a given situation rather than by internal traits.
what is interactionism?
A view emphasizing the relationship between a person’s underlying personality traits and the reinforcing aspects of the situations in which they choose to put themselves.
what are personality inventories?
paper-and-pencil questionnaire designed to assess various aspects of personality.
the two widely used personality inventories are?
MMPI-2 (abnormal personality and inclinations), NEO-PI-R (traits associated with five factor theory of personality)
what are projective tests?
tap into peoples unconciouss by having them interpret ambiguous stimuli
in case of the roschach inkblot test the stimuli are?
inkblots
what are the stimuli in tat?
black and white drawings
what did the Minnesota twin study suggest?
many personality traits have strong genetic links
when interpreting links between genes it is important to remember?
relationships are complex and multi directional
what factors are though to play a major role in gender differences?
socio culture factors
cross cultural research focussed on?
personality development in individualistic and collectivistic cultures
______ has a direct impact on how and whether a certain personality trait evolves into behaviours?
living conditions
what outlines 10 personality disorders in its guide for therapists?
the american psychiatric association
Humanistic theorists include?
rogers
According to Rogers, what happens if children fail to regularly receive unconditional positive regard?
It acts as a negative force that prevents a person from reaching his full potential.
Assumptions of trait theorists include which of the following?
People have innate tendencies to respond to situations in certain ways, Such principles can be used to form the foundation of a scientifically testable theory, These tendencies can be linked together to form broad habits
What are the Big Five personality factors?
agreeableness, extroversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness
What theorists played key roles in the situationist view of personality?
skinner
What is the interactionist view of personality?
The choices you make are functions of underlying personality traits.
What is the purpose of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2)?
to assess abnormal personality characteristics and inclinations
A ___ test is a personality assessment device intended to tap a person’s unconscious by presenting the person with an ambiguous stimulus and asking the person to interpret what the stimulus means?
projective
What do we mean when we say that the Big Five dimension of openness has a heritability coefficient of .55?
55 percent of all differences observed in the tested population are due to genetic factors rather than to environmental differences.
What are the three categories of temperament proposed by Clark and Watson?
negative emotionality, positive emotionality, disinhibition versus constraint
What personality differences between men and women have researchers identified?
Women, on average, tend to be more accurate than men at assessing emotion in other people, Women are more attuned to interpersonal concerns when making moral decisions, while men are more likely to base such decisions on laws or abstract principles, Women tend to display more nurturing behaviours
What are some of the primary differences between the values of collectivist and individualist cultures?
People in collectivist cultures tend to score higher on measures of agreeableness
What do all personality disorders have in common?
problematic emotional response patterns
Preoccupied with perfectionism and control at the expense of flexibility or enjoyment is a ________ type of personality disorder?
obsessive compulsive
