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Environmental Science > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

water mgmt for human consumption and industrial use (potable water) (3)

A

freshwater must be free of:

  1. dissolved salts
  2. plant and animal waste
  3. bacterial contamination
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2
Q

oceans

A

97.57%

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3
Q

freshwater

A

3%; not much available

  • ice and glaciers = 78%
  • groundwater = 21%
  • rivers, lakes, and soils = 1%
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4
Q

reasons for water scarcity (6)

A
  1. antiquated water delivery systems: aging pipes = leaks/water loss
  2. depletion of resources
  3. mismanagement (bad distribution)
  4. industrial needs
  5. water conflicts/wars
  6. increasing human population
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5
Q

hydrologic cycle (4)

A
  1. evaporation: moves water to atmosphere
  2. evapotranspiration: moves water to atmosphere
  3. cloud formation
  4. precipitation
    • groundwater, oceans, bodies of water
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6
Q

aquifiers

A

underground water resources

-porous rock that becomes saturated with water

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7
Q

unconfined

A

closer to surface

-top layer = more porous rock, recharged through rainfall

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8
Q

confined

A
  • has layer of impermeable rock

- recharged in one location

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9
Q

water use

A
  • toilets = 25%
  • lawns, etc = 25%
  • drinking/cooking = 2%
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10
Q

agricultural water use

A

ground and surface water used for irrigation of agricultural crops

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11
Q

types of irrigation (4)

A
  1. surface or flood irrigation: simple, but wasteful
  2. spray: continually pumps water; simple, but wasteful
  3. trickle: water directed at roots; work-intensive; expensive; efficient
  4. subirrigation: dig pipes in ground directed at roots; work-intensive; expensive; efficient
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12
Q

industrial water use

A
  • most used for cooling (most is returned to source)

- some used for waste disposal

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13
Q

in-stream water use

A
  • does not remove water

- used for hydroelectric power, recreation, and navigation

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14
Q

water pollution

A

addition of substances or energy to water which changes natural ecosystems or interferes with water use

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15
Q

types of pollutants (5)

A
  1. toxic chemicals (bioaccumulation and biomagnification)
  2. dissolved organic matter
  3. disease-causing organisms
  4. nutrients
  5. particles
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16
Q

point source

A

pollutants that can be traced to a single source

17
Q

non-point source

A

pollutants that do not come from a defined source

18
Q

clean water act (1972)

A
  • sets water quality standards for surface water

- limits effluent discharges into water

19
Q

pollution impacts on dissolved oxygen (3)

A
  1. decomposition of organic matter results in increased oxygen consumption
  2. pollution of water with organic matter or nutrients (resulting in algal growth) leads to increased biological oxygen demand (BOD)
  3. decreasing oxygen concentration impacts other aquatic organisms
20
Q

sources of water pollution (6)

A
  1. municipal water pollution
  2. agricultural water pollution
  3. industrial water pollution
  4. thermal water pollution
  5. marine oil pollution
  6. groundwater pollution
21
Q

municipal water pollution (5)

A
  1. stormwater runoff
  2. wastes from industries
  3. homes and commercial establishments
  4. fecal coliform bacteria
  5. pharmaceutical residues
22
Q

agricultural water pollution (3)

A
  1. fertilizer and pesticide use
  2. soil erosion
  3. runoff from animal feedlots
23
Q

industrial water pollution (2)

A
  1. disposal of wastes

2. mining activities

24
Q

thermal water pollution (2)

A
  1. water is used for cooling and is returned to its source at higher temps
  2. changes in water temp can impact organisms and decrease dissolved oxygen content
25
Q

marine oil pollution (4)

A
  1. accidents
  2. street runoff
  3. improper disposal of lubricating oil
  4. intentional discharge from tankers
26
Q

groundwater pollution (12)

A
  1. agricultural products (pesticides, fertilizers)
  2. underground storage tanks
  3. landfills
  4. septic tanks
  5. surface impoundments
  6. mining waste
  7. road salt
  8. open dumps
  9. cemeteries
  10. radioactive disposal sites
  11. runoff
  12. excavation
27
Q

water-use planning

A

metropolitan/urban areas must provide the following:

  1. water supply for human and industrial use
  2. wastewater collection and treatment
  3. stormwater collection and treatment
28
Q

primary sewage treatment

A

goal: eliminate large debris in wastewater

29
Q

secondary sewage treatment

A

goal: add bacteria to water that will decompose organic waste in wastewater
- allow sludge to settle at bottom and remove sludge
- then water is returned to waterways

Environmental Science (11 decks)

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