Chapter 15 Flashcards
What is communication?
Transfer of meaningful information from one person to another.
What is language?
A system of sounds and symbols that convey meaning because of shared grammatical and semantic rules. They are utterances, locutions and illocution.
What are utterance?
Sounds made by one person to another.
What are locutions?
Words placed in sequence.
What is illocution?
Words placed in sequence and the context in which this is done.
What is linguistic relativity?
View that language determines thought and therefore people who speak different languages see the world in very different ways.
What is essentialism?
Pervasive tendency to consider behaviour to reflect underlying and immutable, often innate, properties of people or the groups they belong to.
What is paralanguage?
The non-linguistic accompaniments of speech (e.g. stress, pitch, speed, tone, pauses).
What is speech style?
The way in which something is said (e.g. accent, language), rather than the content of what is said.
What are social markers?
Features of speech style that convey information about mood, context, status and group membership.
What is the matched-guise technique?
Research methodology to measure people’s attitudes towards a speaker based solely on speech style.
What is received pronounciation?
Standard, high-status, spoken variety of English.
What is ethnolinguistic identity theory?
Application and extension of social identity theory to deal with language behaviour of ethnolinguistic groups
What is an ethnolinguistic group?
Social group defined principally in terms of its language.
What is subjective vitality?
Individual group members’ representation of the objective ethnolinguistic vitality of their group.
What is speech accommodation theory?
Modification of speech style to the context (e.g. listener, situation) of a face-to-face interindividual conversation.
What is speech convergence?
Accent or speech-style shift towards that of the other person.
What is speech divergence?
Accent or speech-style shift away from that of the other person.
What is communication accommodation theory?
Modification of verbal and non-verbal communication styles to the context (e.g. listener, situation) of a face-to-face interaction – an extension of speech accommodation theory to incorporate non-verbal communication.
What is ageism?
Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age.
What is speech?
Vocal production of language.
What is non-verbal communication?
Transfer of meaningful information from one person to another by means other than written or spoken language (e.g. gaze, facial expression, distance, posture, touch).
What are display rules?
Cultural and situational rules that dictate how appropriate it is to express emotions in a given context. Often they are situational, cultural, status and gender different.
What is visual dominance behaviour?
Tendency to gaze fixedly at a lower-status speaker.
What are kinesics?
Linguistics of body communication.
What are emblems?
Gestures that replace or stand in for spoken language.
What are proxemics?
Study of interpersonal distance.
What is personal space?
Physical space around people’s bodies, which they treat as a part of themselves.
What is the functions of language?
To convey meaning, to accomplish something, to get someone to do something and to express oneself
What are the two communication aspects of language?
- What is said? - content
- How is it said? - paralanguage and speech style and grammatical characteristics
What is the linguistic category model?
The idea that language can be concrete (what people do - situational attribution, changeable, unexpected and often counter stereotype) and abstract (what people are - personal attribution, stable, expected and stereotypical behaviours)
How do facial expressions communicate?
They can express genuine emotions but they are controllable for deception.
What are the four zones of personal space?
- Public space
- Social space
- Personal space
- Intimate space
What are the functions of non-verbal communication?
- Facilitate goal attainment
- Establish dominance and control
- Regulate interactions such as turn-taking
- Information about other’s feelings and intentions > express intimacy
Why does computer-mediated communication seem less suitable for social regulation?
Limited options to display non-verbal communication and different verbal content than face to face. Text-based communication also restricts nuance.
Is an idea of digital dualism accurate?
People are also not digital dualists, they act similarly online as offline
