Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is intergroup behaviour?
Any behaviour that involves interaction between one or more representatives of two or more seperate social groups. Often due to seeing similarities in groups and differences between groups.
Can also be: any perception, cognition or behaviour that is influenced by people’s recognition that they and others are members of distinct social groups.
What is relative deprivation?
A sense of having less than we feel entitled to.
What is a J-curve?
A graphical figure that captures the way in which relative deprivation arises when attainments suddenly fall short of rising expectations.
What is egoistic relative deprivation?
A feeling of personally having less than we feel we are entitled to, relative to our aspirations or to other individuals.
What is fraternalistic relative deprivation?
Sense that our group has less than it is entitled to, relative to its aspirations or to other groups.
What are superordinate goals?
Goals that both groups desire but that can be achieved only by both groups cooperating.
What is realistic conflict theory?
Sherif’s theory of intergroup conflict that explains intergroup behaviour in terms of the nature of goal relations between groups. Specifically, that intergroup competition for limited resource leads to prejudice/stereotypes/discrimination that leads to intergroup conflict.
What is a minimal group paradigm?
Experimental methodology to investigate the effect of social categorisation alone on behaviour. Evidence suggests that even in arbitrary, irrelevant group categorisation, people are still likely to show ingroup preference. Discrimination is therefore an attempt to make a positive difference between groups (positive distinctiveness).
What is self-categorisation theory?
Turner and associates’ theory of how the process of categorising oneself as a group member produces social identity and group and intergroup behaviours.
What is ingroup favouritism?
Behaviour that favours one’s own group over other groups.
What is intergroup differentiation?
Behaviour that emphasises differences between one’s own group and other groups.
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Theory that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration. Used to explain prejudice and intergroup aggression.
What is an authoritarian personality?
Personality syndrome originating in childhood that predisposes individuals to be prejudiced.
What is the social mobility belief system?
Belief that intergroup boundaries are permeable. Thus, it is possible for someone to pass from a lower-status into a higher-status group to improve social identity.
What is the social change belief system?
Belief that intergroup boundaries are impermeable. Therefore, a lower-status individual can improve social identity only by challenging the legitimacy of the higher-status group’s position.
What are cognitive alternatives?
Belief that the status quo is unstable and illegitimate, and that social competition with the dominant group is the appropriate strategy to improve social identity.
What is social creativity?
Group-based behavioural strategies that improve social identity but do not directly attack the dominant group’s position.
What is social competition?
Group-based behavioural strategies that improve social identity by directly confronting the dominant group’s position in society.
What is system justification theory?
Theory that attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and protects the status quo.
What is an illusory correlation?
Cognitive exaggeration of the degree of co-occurrence of two stimuli or events, or the perception of a co-occurrence where none exists.
What is optimal distinctiveness?
People strive to achieve a balance between conflicting motives for inclusiveness and separateness, expressed in groups as a balance between intragroup differentiation and intragroup homogenisation.
What is intergroup emotions theory (IET)?
Theory that, in group contexts, appraisals of personal harm or benefit in a situation operate at the level of social identity and thus produce mainly positive ingroup and negative outgroup emotions. There is then a reaction to situation/interest in the group.
What is emergent norm theory?
Collective behaviour is regulated by norms based on distinctive behaviour that arises in the initially normless crowd.
What is a weapons effect?
The idea that the mere presence of a weapon increases human aggression in a person
What is the contact hypothesis?
The idea that bringing members from different groups together will reduce prejudice
What is extended contact?
Knowing that an ingroup member is friends with an outgroup member
What is vicarious contact?
Observing an ingroup member interacting with an outgroup member
What is arbitration?
A procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreement of the parties, to one or more arbitrators who make a binding decision on the dispute
What is concilisation?
What is mediation?
What is bargaining?
What are some issues with realistic conflict theory?
- Negative intergroup attitudes form even before actual competition
- Intergroup competition influenced intergroup relations even in cooperation phase with more solidarity with own group
What does social identity theory state about intergroup relations?
While social categorisation may be important into being in a group and engaging in intergroup behaviour, but only when people identify with that category.
How is status and group permeability related?
If we are members of a low-status group and the higher-status group is permeable, then there is individual mobility. If impermeable and stable/legitimate > social creativity by changing perception of ingroup, but if unstable/not legit > social competition causing group conflict
What are the limitations of social identity?
- Explains favouring ingroup but not disadvantaging the outgroup
- Predicts the behaviour of low, but not high, status groups
- Social identity, status, permeability and stability are all perceptions - we dont know where they come from and when are people aligned in groups?
How do we improve intergroup relations?
- Propaganda/education
- Intergroup contact
- Reduce categorisation
What are different forms of threats that lead to outgroup anxiety?
- Realistic threat - Threats that threaten in-group wellbeing
- Symbolic threat - When perceived difference is between values and worldviews of an ingroup and outgroup
- Intergroup anxiety - expectation that interaction will be negative
- Negative stereotypes
How do you reduce categorisation?
- Dual categorisation - categorise groups into one superordinate group
- Recategorisation - decategorising the groups so that they are more in a superordinate group than their own
- Decategorisation - No longer a category at all van
