Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is prejudice?
An attitude towards a social group and its members.
What is sexism?
Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their gender.
What is a sex role?
Behaviour deemed sex-stereotypically appropriate.
What is face-ism?
Media depiction that gives greater prominence to the head and less prominence to the body
for men, but vice versa for women.
What is racism?
Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their ethnicity or race.
What is the implicit association test?
Reaction-time test to measure attitudes – particularly those unpopular attitudes that people might conceal.
What is ageism?
Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age.
What is tokenism?
The practice of publicly making small concessions to a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination.
What is reverse discrimination?
The practice of publicly being prejudiced in favour of a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination against that group
What is mere exposure effect?
Repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Theory that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration. Used to explain prejudice and intergroup aggression. Prejudice is quite a common group reaction to frustrated group goals - displacing aggression to weaker groups and scapegoats for actual source of frustration.
What is a scapegoat?
Individual or group that becomes the target for anger and frustration caused by a different individual or group or some other set of circumstances.
What is displacement?
Psychodynamic concept referring to the transfer of negative feelings on to an individual or group other than that which originally caused the negative feelings.
What is collective behaviour?
The behaviour of people en masse – such as in a crowd, protest or riot.
What is relative deprivation?
A sense of having less than we feel entitled to.
What is an authoritarian personality?
Personality syndrome originating in childhood through parenting styles that predisposes individuals to be prejudiced - such as ethnocentrism/intolerance, pessimistic/cynical view of human nature, conservatism and suspicion of democracy.
What is ethnocentrism?
Evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups.
What is dogmatism?
Cognitive style that is rigid and intolerant and predisposes people to be prejudiced
What is social dominance theory?
Theory that attributes prejudice to an individual’s acceptance of an ideology that legitimises ingroup-serving hierarchy and domination, and rejects egalitarian ideologies. Typically accepting myths that legitimise hierarchy/discrimination
What is system justification theory?
Theory that attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and
protects the status quo.
What is belief congruency theory?
The theory that similar beliefs promote liking and social harmony among people, while dissimilar beliefs produce dislike and prejudice.
What is a minimal group paradigm?
Experimental methodology to investigate the effect of social categorisation alone on behaviour.
What is discrimination?
The behavioural expression of prejudice.
Why are prejudices attitudes?
This is because they are based on three component attitude models of cognition (beleifs), affective (emotions, often negative) and conative (intentions to behave)
How do we form prejudices?
- Socio cognitive categorisation and statistical reasoning (schemas)
- Information processing and impression formation
- Attribution theory (deriving traits from a single one)
What are the types of prejudice?
- Blatant - explicit, overt, deliberate, self-reported: beliefs
- Subtle - implicit, covert, spontaneous activation, knowledge of stereotypes but not explicit agreement
How has prejudice changed over the years?
There is less and less blatant prejudice, but subtle prejudice is not fully known. However recently there is an upsurge of right-wing populism, leading to increased blatant prejudice.
What is the critical race perspective?
How race is socially constructed and shaped by socioeconomic and legal systems systematically
How is subtle discrimination shown?
Negative treatment seems individual but stems from group membership, so people treat outgroup members with less eye contact, interpersonal distance and anxious behaviour.
Who are targets of prejudice?
Minorities with low power - often race, sex, age and physical/mental health
How might discrimination appear positive?
Through benevolent sexism which confirms the dominant position of men by spewing ideas that appear positive such as “women need to be cherished,” “women are more refined” and “a mean is not complete without a woman”
What are the moderators of benevolent sexism?
- Gender-specific system justification
- Perceived advantages of being a woman
- Positive affect
What is precarious manhood?
A social status that is heard to earn, easy to lose, and must be proved repeatedly via action
Why are people prejudiced?
- Due to instinctive fear to unfamiliar and unusual groups - contact, exposure and multiculturism
- Can be learned via transmission of parental prejudices and formation of preferences before factual knowledge
- Frustration-aggression hypothesis
- Personality explanation of prejudice - prejudice as abnormal behaviour resulting from individual differences as some people are more prejudiced than others and affected by social processes.
What are criticisms for the frustration aggression hypothesis?
- It can not explain all prejudices
- The frustration aggression explanations have been adjusted themselves
- It assumes that we are passive victims of frustration/anger and yet we still regulate it
