Chapter 15 Flashcards
what is respiration
process of bringing oxygen to all body cells and
carrying carbon dioxide in opposite direction
secondary functions of respiration
voice production, body temperature regulation,
acid-base balance regulation, and sense of smell
another name for larynx
voice box
what is phonation
voice production
what is the purpose of blood vessels lining nasal passages
⚪ inhaled air is warmed to
prevent hypothermia
⚪ panting increases evaporation
of fluids to cool circulating
blood
how does respiratory system influence acid base balance
more CO2 in blood, lower pH of blood
what is the normal pH of blood
7.35 - 7.45
what is in the upper/ lower respiratory tract
upper: all structures outside the lungs
lower: all structures inside the lungs
what is in the upper respiratory tract
⚫nostrils
⚫nasal passages
⚫pharynx
⚫larynx
⚫trachea
another name for nostrils
nares
midline of the nasal passages
septum
what are the 3 passageways in the nasal passage
⚪ ventral nasal meatus
⚪middle nasal meatus
⚪ dorsal nasal meatus
what type of cells are in the nasal passages
pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
what is the purpose of the nasal passages
main function is to
condition inhaled air
⚪warming
⚪ humidifying
⚪ filtering
what are the sinuses
ciliated
outpouchings of
the nasal
passages
what are the 2 parts of the pharynx
⚪ nasopharynx (respiratory)
⚪ oropharynx (digestive)
what is the pharynx
common passageway for
respiratory and digestive
systems
another name for the larynx
voice box
what are the parts of the larynx
⚪ epiglottis
⚪ artenoid cartilages
⚪ thyroid cartilage
⚪ cricoid cartilage
what is the job of the epiglottis
covers larynx opening during
swallowing
what is attached to the artenoid cartilages
vocal cords
functions of the larynx
⚫part of the upper airway
⚫voice production
⚫prevention of inhalation of foreign matter
⚫control of airflow to and from the lungs
what is the end of the trachea called
bifurcation of the trachea
whats in the lower respiratory tract
⚫bronchi
⚫bronchioles
⚫alveolar ducts
⚫alveoli
another name for lower respiratory tract
bronchial tree
how does the ANS control diameter of bronchial tubes
bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction
where does external respiration take place
in alveoli
what are the alveoli lined with
a thin layer of fluid that contains a
surfactant
what is the area between the lungs called
mediastinum
how many lobes for lungs
3 left, 4 right
what is the hilus
small well defined area on medial side where air, lymph, blood and nerves enter/ leave the lung
what is the thorax alternatively called
thoracic cavity, chest cavity
what is in the thorax
lungs, heart, large blood vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes
what are the characteristics of the diaphragm
⚫thin sheet of skeletal muscle
⚫forms caudal boundary of thorax
⚫acts as respiratory muscle
what is negative intrathoracic pressure
- partial vacuum exists within thorax
⚪ pulls lungs tightly out against thoracic wall - allows lungs to follow movements of thoracic wall
and diaphragm
⚪ inspiration and expiration - aids in return of blood to the heart
⚪ veins have no muscular pump to facilitate process
another name for inhalation
inspiration
what are the main inspiratory muscles
diaphragm, external intercostal muscles
another name for expiration
exhalation
what are the main expiratory muscles
internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
what are the respiratory volumes
standardized terms for describing quantity of air
involved in respiration
- tidal volume
- minute volume
- residual volume
where is breathing controlled
by area in medulla oblongata
what does the mechanical control system for breathing operate through
stretch receptors in lungs
describe the mechanical control system for breathing
⚪ nerve impulses sent to respiratory center indicate when lungs inflate to certain point
⚪muscle contractions that produce inspiration are stopped
⚪muscle contractions to produce expiration are initiated
⚪ another set of nerve impulses is sent when lungs deflate to a
certain point
⚪ expiration is stopped; process of inspiration is begun
what is monitored in the blood for breathing
- CO2 content
- pH
- O2 content
how does CO2, pH variation in the blood control respiration
increased CO2 -> decreased pH
triggers respiratory center to increase rate and depth of respiration
what does falling O2 in blood trigger
- slight hypoxia: respiratory center signaled to increase rate and depth of breathing
- severe hypoxia:
neurons of respiratory system become so depressed that
impulses cannot be sent to respiratory muscles can cause breathing to decrease or stop completely
